Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 Notes

Anatomy & Physiology 70876 with Wilson at University of Alaska - Anchorage

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By: Harley Hedlund
Created: 2010-09-16
Size: 63 flashcards
Views: 2267

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What is anatomy?

The science of structure and the relationships among structures.

What is physiology?

The science of how body structures function. (Form follows function)

What are the Levels of Organization?

1) Chemical 2) Cellular 3) Tissue 4) Organ 5) Organ System 6) Organismal

Gross Anatomy

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye. [Heart, lungs, kidneys... ]

Regional Anatomy

Related to muscles, bones, and nerves.

Systemic and Surface Anatomy

Structure studied by system / Internal structures related to overlying surface

Describe the chemical level

Most basic, the smallest units of matter participate in chemical reactions.

Describe cellular level

The basic structural and functional units of an organism

Describe the tissue level

Groups of similarly specialized cells and that substances surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor and perfrom certain special functions.

Organ Level

Structures definite form that are composed of two or more tissues and have specific funcrions.

Organ System Level

Related organs work together to achieve same goal. Have common functions.

Organismal Level

Collection of structurally and functionally integrated ssystems, any living thing.

What are the shared properties of living things?

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the maintainence of the internal environment within physiological set limits.

What is the role of homeostasis in the body?

Homeostasis keeps the body at a set point, external and internal stimuli can disrupt it like heat, cole, lack of oxygen, stress and exercise. The body generally resets itself, though if not maintained death may result.

What is a Feedback Loop?

A cycle of events in which information about status of condition is monitored and fed back "reported" to a central control region.

What are the components of a Feedback Loop?

* A Receptor: Monitors a controlled condition, change in condition = stimulus change.

* Control Center: Determines next action

* Effector: Recieves directions from CC and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

What are the two (2) types of Feedback Loops?

If a response from the effector REVERSES the original stimulis the system is a NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM. If a response ENHANCES the stimulus the system is a POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM.

What is Matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Define Energy

Has the capacity to do work. Puts matter into motion.

Define Atom

null

What are the most prominent elements in the human body

O (oxygen), C (carbon), H (hydrogen), N (nitrogen), S, P (phosphate), Ca (calcium), K (potassium), Na (sodium), Cl

What is a covalent bond?

A bond in which electrons are shared. There are two molecules of same element that result in another molecule.

Ionic bonds

Form salts. Ions gain/lose electrons whereas anions gain electrons.

Mixture #1 - Solutions

Solutions: Homoegenous- gases, liquids or solids. Particles are tiny, don't settle or scatter light

Ex: Mineral water

Mixture #2 - Colloid

Heterogenous - Don't settle, but do scatter light.

Ex: Gelatin

Mixture #3 - Suspensions

Heterogenous - Large solutes that settle.

Ex: Sand, blood.

What is the most inorganic compound? Why is it important?

WATER!!!

1) Has a lot of heat absorption to change temperature

2) Takes heat absorption to change states

3) Polar Solvent - A lot of chemicals can be dissolved

4) Reactive - Is involved in chemical reactions

5) Protection/Cushioning

Describe acids

Dissociate into H+ and one or more anions (proton donor). Are sour, react with metal. Blood is neutral. Wine and lemon juice are more acidic, houshold cleaners are more basic.

Describe bases

Dissociate into )H- adn one or more cations (proton acceptor). Are bitter.

As an inorganic base, what should I know about salts?

Dissociate into anions and cations, non of which are either H+ or OH-

Electrolytes

Ionize and dissociate in water, then conduct an electrical current.

What is neutralization?

A solution neutralized by forming water

Explain what a buffer is

A chemical system (proteins and types of molecules) that regulate acid base balance.

What are organic molecules?

*contain carbon* Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

Monomers join to make polymers[chain like molecules made of similiar/repeating units (monomer)] by dehydration synthesis

What is an isomer?

any of two or more compounds, radicals, or ions that contain the same number of atoms of the same elements but differ in structural arrangement and properties

What are common polymers?

glycogen, phospholipid..

Define protein denaturation

Function of protein depends on its ability to bind to another molecule. Heat, acids or salts will change a proteins 3D shape and destroy its ability to function. H-bonds break when pH levels drop/temp rises so that proteins unfold and lose their shape

Steroids

Have 4 rings of carbon atoms and include bile salts, cholesterol, estrogen/testosterone

Organic Molecules - Carbohydrates C6H12O6

1-2% of cell mass. Used for energy and structural support.

Monomers: 1 sugar: Glucose+fructose

Polymers: + sugars: Chains of monosaccharides.

Organic Molecules - Lipids

C+H, not a lot of O. Used for energy, structural support, messengers.. non-polar, fatty acid is a monomer. Fats (triglyceride) saturated v unsaturated. Phosphates: Cell membranes. Steroid: Hormones, cholesterol.

Organic Molecules - Proteins 10-30% of cell mass

Made of C, H, N, O. Made of long chains of AA. Structural, enzymatic, regulatory. 3D shape, senstivie to Ph and temp. Regulate cells, enzymes are bio catalysts. Hemoglobin in blood.

What about enzymes?

Golbular proteins act as biological catalytst [regulate/accelerate rate of biochemical reactions]

"Traffic cops" keep metabolic pathways open.

Enzyme function

Specific, efficient, under nuclear control. Needs AE to break bonds so reactants can rearrange themselves to become a product. Bind to reacting molecules and present them to each other for chemical interaction.

Organic Molecules - Nucleic Acids

Store genetic info, CHNO+P

Monomer unit: Nucleotides: 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group.

DNA Nucleotides

DNA: Double strand of nucleotides with pentose (deoxyribose) sugar. Held together by H-bonds. DNA is found in nucleus where it makes genetic material. Replicates itself/info to build protein

RNA - Ribonucleic Acid

Single strand, AUGC, ribose

DNA -> RNA -> translating to make proteins.

Describe Cell Theory

1) Basic structure of all living things

2) Activity of organisms depends on individual/group activities of cells

3) Structure/function are complementary

4) Continuity of life from each generation has a cellular basis

Plasma membrane

Separates intracellular from extracellular. IS hydrophobic/phyllic. Cholesterol creates fluidity with the memrane. Acts as a gatekeeper (selectively permeable)

Concentration Gradient

Difference in concentration of a chemical between one side of PM and the other. Oxygen and sodium ions are more concentrated outside of the CM w/ carbon d and na+ ions inside.

Electrical Gradient

Inner surface of the membrane is more (-) charged and the outer surface is (+) This sets up an electrical gradient aka membrane potential.

Plasma membrane function Steps 1&2

1) Simple diffusion: nonpolar/lipid soluble subs diffuse directly

2) Faciliated Diffusion: Sugars, AA transported passively, not through lipid bilayer. Binds to protein carrier/moves through water protein.

Plasma membrane function Steps 3&4

3) Ions and proteins pass through aqueous channels.

4) Osmosis: Diffusion of solvent passes through lipid bilayer.

What is tonicity?

Is a measure of a solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water concentration.

Isotonic: Happy, normal

Hypotonic: Solution is dilute, plumps rapidly as water rushes in, can burst (lysis)

Hypertonic: Loses water, shrinks, crenation

What is a gene?

Segment of DNA that carries information for creating one polypeptide chain.
A,T,G,C = letters that make up words

Triplets = Words

Sequence = Sentence

** Every cell has same genes but different proteins.

What are introns?

Non-coding, snipped out most of DNA

What is an exon?

The coding DNA

Messenger (mRNA)

Carries message from DNA to ribosome, information about AA and polypeptide that is formed

Transfer (tRNA)

Translates, reads mRNA and puts AA in place

Ribosomal (rRNA)

Makes up ribosome, protein synthesis is here.

Transcription

RNA polymerase (protein) notices 'start; and unwinds DNA into 2, one of them is a complementary strand. When completed leaves to cytoplasm to make ribosomes.`

Translation Steps 1&2

1) mRNA is synthesized in nucleus, leaves nucleus and attaches to a ribosome.

2) Translation begins as incoming tRNA recognizes complementary codon at a site on ribosome. Hbonds to codon by anitcodon

Translation Steps 3&4

3) Ribosome moves along mRNA, each codon is read, new AA is added to protein chain, tRNA in A site is translocated to Psite.

4) AA is released from Psite tRNA is attached to Esite/released from cytoplasm. Polypeptide is released when STOP is read.

About this deck

By: Harley Hedlund
Created: 2010-09-16
Size: 63 flashcards
Views: 2267

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy