Depression and Mood Disorders

Psychology 511 with Henriques at University of Wisconsin - Madison

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By: Anonymous
Textbook:

Abnormal Psychology Media and Research Update with MindMap CD

Abnormal Psychology, Fourth Edition W/CD
Abnormal Psychology: Study Guide
Created: 2009-11-17
Size: 50 flashcards
Views: 92

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Symptoms of depression: emotional

sadness, depressed mood, irritability, anhedonia

Symptoms of depression: Cognitive

poor concentration, indecisiveness, poor self-esteem, hopelessness, suicidal thoughts, delusions

Symptoms of depression: Physiological and behavioral

sleep or appetite disturbances, psychomotor problems, catatonia, fatigue, loss of memory

anhedonia

loss of interest or pleasure in usual activites

categories of mild to moderate unipolar mood disorders

- adjustment disorder with depressed mood

- dysthymia

Major depression diagnosis

- 5 or more symptoms including sadness or loss of interest of pleasure

- 2 week duration

Dysthymia diagnosis

- 3 or more symptoms including depressed mood

- 2 year duration (1 year in children)

- must occur prior to first episode of major depression

- never more than 2 months symptom free

depression with melancholic features

- loss of pleasure, early morning wakening, mood is worse in the morning, weight and appetite loss, excessive guilt, psychomotor retardation

- respond well to medication

depression with psychotic feature

hallucinations and delusions with depressed theme

depression with catatonic features

psychomotor disturbances

- agitation or retardation

depression with atypical features

- increased sleep, appetite, weight gain, respond when something positive happens, respond to different sorts of medications

depression with postpartum onset

women become depressed after birth of child (within 4 weeks)

depression with seasonal onset - seasonal affective disorder

- history of at least 2 years where they get depressed at a particular time of year, usually winter

- some people suffer from a summer variant

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

- winter type more common

- increased sleep and weight, crave carbohydrates, increased appetite (like going into hibernation)

- treated with bright light (only for winter type)

- alters melatonin levels in the brain, with lack of light

Age differences in depession

- 15-24 most likely to have had a major depressive episode in the last month

- does happen in children, much less common

- early onset has more serious long term consequences

Gender Differences in Deperssion

- twice as likely in women than men

- no gender difference in children, see differences when children reach adolescence

Genetic theories of Depression

disordered genes predispose people to depression or bipolar disorder

family studies: genetic theories of depression

- individuals with depression versus individuals without depression, 3x amount of depression in family

- 30-40% variability due to genetics

twin studies: genetic theories of depression

rates are higher in identical twins than fraternal twins

adoption studies: genetic theories of depression

higher rate of depression in biological family than adopted family

Neurotransmitter theories

dysregulation of neurotransmitters and their receptors

Biological treatments of depression

antidepressants

ECT

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

deep brain stimulation

biofeedback

vagal nerve stimulation

acupuncture

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

- bilateral effects

- memory impairments

- not associated with structural brain damage

- administered 3 times a week

- 6-12 sessions before therapeutic effect

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

- high frequency left rTMS more effective than sham

- slow frequency right rTMS more effective than sham

- increased DA release

- effect sizes small, small number of patients respond

Biofeedback

- change pattern of brain activity

- learn to keep green light on

- improvement in mood

vagal nerve stimulation (VNS)

- stimulate vagas nerves, associated with 30% improvement

- less effective than overall treatment

- takes 9 months or longer for treatment effect to appear

Neuroendocrine abnormalities

depressed people suffer chronic problems with functioning of the HPA axis

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

there is no real pattern that has been established

Postpartum Depression

- 10% of new mothers

- some believe it is because of a release of hormones

- not higher than the rates of women in general

Lewinsohn's reinforcement theory

a failure to elicit reinforcement from the social world

- not a lot of eye contact, monotone voice

learned helplessness

Seligman - inescapable shock

Harlow - pit of despair

Psychological Theories of mood disorders: biological theories

increase positive reinforcer and decrease aversive events by teach teaching the person new skills of managing interpersonal situations and the environment

Aaron Beck's theory

negative of self, world and the future

reformulated learned helpless

attributional style

- internal, global, stable

Nolen-Hoeksema

ruminative response styles theory

- woman are more prime to think and focus on feelings

Cognitive behavioral Therapy

challenge distorted thinking and help the person learn more adaptive ways of thinking and new behavioral skills

psychodynamic theory

- introjected hostility

- child has had experience with early loss

- experience with rejection

interpersonal theory

- dependency on others' evaluations

- look to others for their measures of self worth

Social perspective: cohort effect

people in certain generations have the same disorders

Social perspective: social status

higher depression rates in people with lower SES

Social perspective: cross-cultural differences

- difference in men and women

- in certain cultures, rates of depression vary- in some Asian cultures, people when they are depressed present physical symptoms, not necessarily mood

causes of Depression

stressful life events

- best short term predicator of depression

Integrative theory of depression

we are not going to find a single explanation for any psychological disorder

treatment and recovry

- natural course of an untreated episode is 6-9 months

- only 50% respond to treatment

- 33% eventually meet criteria for remission

Treatments: psychodynamic theory

help the person gain insight to unconscious hostility and fears of abandonment to facilitate change in self-concept and behaviors

remission

the initial marked improvement or no symptoms, may not be permenant

recovery

no symptoms for more than 6 months to 1 year

response

at least 50% reduction in symptoms

relapse

return of symptoms after a short amount of time

recurrance

return of disorder after at least 2 months of no symptoms