Ecology and Evolution Exam 4

Psychology 48 101 with Johnson at Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania

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By: Kendall Mascia
Created: 2010-12-01
Size: 63 flashcards
Views: 28

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Ecology

the study of organisms with their environment

population density

# of individuals per unit area or volume

Population distribution

patter of dispersal of individuals w/in the area of interest

Exponential Growth

a "j" shaped curve

Biotic Potential

maximum population growth under ideal circumstances

Environmental Resistance

all environmental conditions that prevent a population from achieving biotic potential

Logistic growth

indicated by an S-shaped curve

Cohort

all the members of a population born at the same time

Survivorship

the probability of newborn individuals of a cohort surviving to particular ages

Density-Dependent Factors

the # of individuals influences the effect of the factor

Density-Independent Factors

the # of individuals doesn't influence the effect of the factor on birth or death rate

r-strategists

r=reproduction, large # of offspring, small, mature early, little to no parental care. e.g. dandelions/ragweed

k-strategists

k= karrying capacity, fewer offspring, parental care, etc, e.g. humans, elephants

Demographic Transition

Stage I: high b-rate and death rate

Stage II: continued high b-rate and declining death rate

Stage III: falling b-rates and death rates, eventually stabilizing

Age Structure Diagrams

divides populations into pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproductive. breaks into cohorts of 0-4 years

Density Dependent Factors

any factor that changes birth and death rates as population density grows

Individualistic Model

each population in community is there b/c its own particular abiotic requirements are met by a particular habitat

Interactive Model

community is the highest level of organization

Island Biogeography

Macarthur and Wilson--effects of distance from the mainland and size of an island on community diversity

Fundamental Niche

potential

Realized Niche

actual

Competitive Exclusion Principle

overlapping niches

Resource Partitioning

decreases competition and can lead to character displacement

Prey Defenses

adaptations that thwart the possibility of being eaten by a predator

Batesian

harmless mimics harmful

Mullerian

harmful species mimics another harmful species

Aposematic Coloration

warning coloration, e.g. fire salamander

Phagomimicry

e.g. sea hare emits purple cloud that when is ingested makes the predator feel like its eaten already

Symbiotic Relationships

Parasitism (+,-), commensalism (+,0), mutualism (+,+)

Miscellany

sometimes animals are parasitic at some stages of life but not others

Commensalism

sharks and sucker fish

pseudocopulation

pollination of plants by male insects while attempting to mate with flowers that resemble the female insect. e.g. orchids

mutualism

both members benefit

Ecological Succession

a change involving a series of species replacements in a community following a disturbance

Facilitation Model

transition to the next stage of succession

Climax community

endpoint of succession

Primary Succession

succession continues until climax community is formed

Secondary Succession

occurs after disturbance that leaves the soil intact

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

moderate amounts of disturbances at moderate frequency are required for a high degree of community diversity. --if widespread disturbances occur frequently, diversity will be limited.

Keystone Species

a species whose activity significantly affects community structure

Invasive and Exotic Species

a leading cause of loss of biodiversity in native ecosystems

Autotrophs

something that can make its own food

Heterotrophs

need a preformed source of organic nutrients

Abiotic Components

Energy--flows through an ecosystem

Matter--cycles within an ecosystem

Energy

capacity or ability to do work

Kinetic-Energy

energy of motion, work done

Potential Energy

stored energy, can be released to do work

Thermodynamics

makes up the universe

1st law of thermodynamics

energy cant be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

energy cannot be changed from one form to another without loss of usable energy

Entropy

heat

Trophic Levels

feeding level of organisms

Reservoir

where substance is stored but unavailable to producers

exchange pool

source from which organisms take nutrients

Hydrologic Cycle

fresh H2O evaporates from bodies of water, precipitation on land enters ground, water eventually returns to the oceans

aquifer

an underground lake

High Energy

complex= ordered= organized= living

Low Energy

simple= disordered= disorganized= nonliving

Nitrification

production of nitrates

Denitrification

conversion of nitrate to nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas

Acid Deposition

nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide are converted to acids when they combine with water vapor

climax communities

unstable

Pioneer Communities

stable

About this deck

By: Kendall Mascia
Created: 2010-12-01
Size: 63 flashcards
Views: 28

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj