ECON CH7.pdf

111 7 GLOBAL MARKETS IN ACTION Key Concepts ? How Global Markets Work The goods and services we buy from producers in other nations are our imports; the goods and services we sell to people in other nations are our exports. In 2008 U.S. exports were $1.8 trillion, about 13 percent of total U.S. production, and U.S. imports were 2.5 tril- lion, about 18 percent of total U.S. expenditure. Both goods and services are traded. Comparative advantage is the factor that drives interna- tional trade. National comparative advantage occurs when a nation can perform an activity or produce a good or service at lower opportunity cost than any oth- er nation. Nations reap gains from trade by specializing in the production of the good or service in which they have a comparative advantage and trading with other nations. ? Figure 7.1 shows the wheat market, a market in which the United States has a comparative advan- tage. The no-trade price in the United States, $4 per bushel, is less than the world price, $6 per bushel. At the world price, the quantity of wheat demanded by U.S. residents is 10 billion bushels per year, the quantity of wheat produced in the United States is 50 billion bushels per year, and the difference, 40 billion bushels per year, is exported. ? Figure 7.2 shows the market for blouses, a market in which foreign countries have a comparative ad- vantage. The no-trade price in the United States, $60 per blouse, is greater than the world price, $30 per blouse. At the world price, the quantity of blouses demanded by U.S. residents is 25 million per year, the quantity of blouses produced in the United States is 5 million per year, and the differ- ence, 20 million blouses per year, is imported. Chapt er 112 CHAPTER 7 ? Winners, Losers, and the Net Gain from Trade The gains and losses from trade are measured as the changes in consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total surplus. ? Figure 7.3 shows the wheat market, a market in which the United States has a comparative advan- tage. With no international trade the price in the United States is $4 per bushel and 30 billion bush- els are produced and consumed. Consumer surplus is equal to area A + area B and producer surplus is equal to area C. With international trade the price is $6 per bushel, the world price. 10 billion bushels are consumed in the United States, 50 billion bush- els are produced in the United States, and the dif- ference, 40 billion bushels, is exported. Consumer surplus shrinks to area A and producer surplus ex- pands to area B + area C + area D. Consumers lose from this trade and producers gain. On net, total surplus in the United States increases by area D. ? Figure 7.4 shows the market for blouses, a market in which other countries have a comparative advan- tage. With no international trade the price in the United States is $60 per blouse and 15 million blouses per year are produced and consumed. Con- sumer surplus is equal to area A and producer sur- plus is equal to area B + area C. With international trade the price is $30 per blouse, the world price. 25 million blouses per year are consumed in the United States, 5 million blouses per year are pro- duced in the United States, and the difference, 20 million blouses per year, is imported. Consumer surplus expands to area A + area B + area D and producer surplus shrinks to area C. Consumers gains from this trade and producers lose. On net to- tal surplus in the United States increases by area D. For both imports and exports, the United States has a net gain because the total surplus increases. However for both imports and exports one group?consumers for exports and producers for imports?loses. ? International Trade Restrictions Governments restrict trade to protect domestic indus- tries. The four main methods used to restrict trade are: ? Tariffs ? a tax imposed by the importing country when an imported good crosses its boundary. ? Import quotas ? a restriction that limits the max- imum quantity of a good that may be imported in a given period. ? Other import barriers ? other barriers include health, safety, and regulation barriers and voluntary export restraints. A voluntary export restraint is the same as a quota that is given to a foreign importers of the good. ? Export subsidies ? payments given by the govern- ment to firms that produce exported goods and ser- vices. GLOBAL MARKETS IN ACTION 113 Today, U.S. tariffs are low compared to their historical levels. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is an international agreement designed to re- duce tariffs. Figure 7.5 illustrates the effects of a tariff. ? A tariff of $15 per blouse raises the price of blouses in the United States from $30 per blouse to $45 per blouse. In the United States the quantity of blouses demanded decreases to 20 million per year and the quantity produced increases to 10 million per year so imports decrease to 10 million blouses per year. ? Consumer surplus shrinks from area A + area B + area C + area D + area E before the tariff to only area A after the tariff. Producer surplus expands from area F before the tariff to area B + area F after the tariff. The government gains tariff revenue equal to area D. Area C and area E are deadweight losses. ? Producers and the government gain from a tariff. Consumers lose from a tariff. On net society loses from a tariff because deadweight losses are created. The tariff reduces the gains from trade and creates inefficiency. A quota decreases the amount of a good or service that can be imported. Figure 7.6 shows the effect of a quota. ? An import quota of 10 million blouses means that at prices above the world price 10 million blouses are added to the U.S. supply. The supply curve to the United States becomes S US + quota. The price of blouses rises to $45 per blouse. At this price the quantity of blouses demanded decreases to 20 mil- lion and the quantity produced increases to 10 mil- lion, so imports decrease to 10 million blouses. ? Consumer surplus shrinks from area A + area B + area C + area D + area E before the quota to only area A after the quota. Producer surplus expands from area F before the quota to area B + area F after the tariff. Importers gain a profit equal to area D. Area C and area E are deadweight losses. ? Producers and importers gain from an import quo- ta. Consumers lose from an import quota. On net society loses from an import quota because dead- weight losses are created. The import quota reduces the gains from trade and creates inefficiency. Other import barriers and export subsidies also reduce the gains from trade and create deadweight losses. ? The Case Against Protection Arguments in favor of protection are flawed. The arguments and their errors are: ? Infant-industry argument ? the nation should protect a new industry that will reap learning-by- doing gains in productivity and grow into a mature industry that can compete in the world market. Error: If the learning-by-doing benefits accrue only to the firms in the industry, this argument fails be- cause these firms can finance their own start-ups; direct subsidies are more efficient. ? Dumping ? the nation should protect an industry from foreign competitors who sell their exports at 114 CHAPTER 7 lower prices than their cost of production. Error: Determining when a firm sells below cost is very difficult; global monopolies are rare; if a firm is a global monopoly, regulation is the more efficient way to restrain it. ? Saves jobs ? imports cost U.S. jobs. Error: Free trade costs jobs in importing industries, but it creates them in exporting industries; tariffs that protect jobs in import-competing industries do so at an exceedingly high cost. ? Cheap foreign labor ? tariffs are necessary to com- pete with cheap foreign labor. Error: U.S. labor is more productive than cheap for- eign labor; U.S. firms can compete successfully in in- dustries in which they have a comparative advantage because of their productivity relative to other nations. ? Lax environmental standards ? protection is needed to compete against nations with weak environ- mental standards. Error: Not all poor nations have weak standards; poor nations? concerns about the environment will increase when they grow richer through trade; cur- rently poor nations might have a comparative ad- vantage in pollution-intensive goods. ? Rich nations exploit developing countries ? protec- tion prevents developed nations from forcing people in poor nations to work for slave wages. Error: By allowing poor nations to trade with rich ones, wages in poor nations rise because of the in- creased demand for labor. Offshore outsourcing occurs when U.S. firms buy finished goods, components, or services from other firms in other countries. Falls in the cost of communi- cating across distance have lead to a boom in offshore outsourcing of services such as call centers. Offshore outsourcing brings gains to the overall economy but inflicts losses on some parts of society such as U.S. workers who lose jobs. Trade is restricted for two reasons: ? Tariff revenue ? The government collects revenue from tariffs. This revenue source is important in de- veloping nations. ? Rent seeking ? Rent seeking is lobbying for spe- cial treatment by the government to create eco- nomic profit or to divert consumer surplus or producer surplus away from others. The people harmed by international trade lobby politicians to limit free trade. Helpful Hints 1. DOES PROTECTION SAVE JOBS ? This argument is popular but incorrect. Imposing a tariff on im- ports costs jobs in export industries. We lose jobs because foreigners, unable to sell as much to us, are thus unable to buy as much from us. Hence our export industries shrink, or fail to grow as much as otherwise. Moreover, saving the jobs in the import-competing industry comes at a very high cost. For example, protection in the textile industry annually costs American residents $221,000 per job; in the auto- mobile industry, $105,000 per job; in dairy prod- ucts, $220,000 per job; and in steel, $750,000 per job. These costs greatly exceed the wages in these jobs. Just as it would be foolish to spend $221,000 to obtain $45,000, so, too, is it foolish for the na- tion to protect jobs when the cost of the protection exceeds the wages paid for the jobs! 2. WHY DOES PROTECTION PERSIST ? Gains from free trade can be considerable, so why do countries impose trade restrictions? The key is that, although free trade creates overall benefits to the economy as a whole, there are both winners and losers. The winners gain more in total than the losers lose, but the latter tend to be concentrated in a few indus- tries. In other words, the gains from free trade are spread amongst many people ? so the gain per person is small ? while the costs are concentrated amongst only a few people? so the costs per per- son are large. Because of this concentration, free trade is resisted. Even though trade restrictions benefit only a small minority while the overwhelming majority are harmed, implementation of trade barriers is not surprising. The cost of a particular trade restriction to each of the majority individually is quite small, but the benefit to each of the few individually is large. So the minority has a strong incentive to have a restriction imposed, whereas the majority has little incentive to expend time and energy in re- sisting a trade barrier. The net result is that gov- ernments frequently wind up restricting free trade, even though the restrictions cost their nations more than they benefit it. GLOBAL MARKETS IN ACTION 115 Questions ? True/False and Explain How Global Markets Work 11. Nations can trade goods but not services. 12. In 2008, the value of American imports exceeded the value of American exports. 13. If the U.S. price of a good before international trade is lower than the world price, the U.S. will export this good when it trades internationally. 14. Compared to the situation before international trade, the price of a good rises in the United States when the United States exports the good. 15. Compared to the situation before international trade, U.S. consumption of a good increases when the United States imports the good. Winners, Losers, and the Net Gain from Trade 16. U.S. producer surplus decreases when the United States imports a good. 17. Because U.S. total surplus rises when the United States imports a good, no one in the United States loses from importing the good. 18. The U.S. consumer surplus from wheat increases when the United States exports wheat. 19. Domestic producers gain and domestic consumers lose from exports. 10. Only the nation exporting a good gains from inter- national trade. International Trade Restrictions 11. When governments impose tariffs, they increase their citizens? consumer surplus. 12. When France imposes a tariff on wheat, production of wheat in France increases. 13. Tariffs in the United States are at an all-time high. 14. A quota has no effect on consumer surplus because quotas do not change the price of the good. 15. If Chile imposes a quota on U.S. wheat, on net Chile gains because employment in Chile increases. 16. A quota and a voluntary export restraint both raise revenue for the government. The Case Against Protection 17. The only argument for protection without any error is the infant-industry argument. 18. U.S. workers can compete with lower paid foreign workers in industries in which the U.S. has a com- parative advantage. 19. International trade lowers wages in poor nations. 20. Governments gain more revenue from quotas than from tariffs. ? Multiple Choice How Global Markets Work 11. Which of the following statements about U.S. international trade in 2008 is correct? a. The value of U.S. exports exceeded the value of U.S. imports. b. The value of U.S. exports was about 33 percent of the value of total U.S. production. c. The United States imported only goods. d. The United States was the world?s largest trader. 12. The United States has a comparative advantage in producing cotton if the U.S. price of cotton before international trade is ____ the world price. a. less than b. equal to c. greater than d. not comparable to 13. Compared to the situation before international trade, after the United States exports a good produc- tion in the United States ____ and consumption in the United States ____. a. increases; increases b. increases; decreases c. decreases; increases d. decreases; decreases 14. Compared to the situation before international trade, after the United States imports a good pro- duction in the United States ____ and consumption in the United States ____. a. increases; increases b. increases; decreases c. decreases; increases d. decreases; decreases 116 CHAPTER 7 Winners, Losers, and the Net Gains from Trade Figure 7.7 illustrates the market for cardboard, which is imported into the United States. Use Figure 7.7 for the next three questions. 15. In Figure 7.7, before international trade, the U.S. price of cardboard was ____ per ton and the quan- tity consumed in the United States was ____ mil- lion tons per year. a. $200; 50 b. $300; 40 c. $100; 20 d. $200; 20 16. In Figure 7.7, consumer surplus before international trade is ____ and consumer surplus after interna- tional trade is ____. a. Area A; Area A + Area B + Area C b. Area A + Area B; Area A + Area B c. Area A; Area A + Area B + Area C + Area D d. Area A; Area A + Area B + Area D 17. In Figure 7.7, producer surplus before international trade is ____ and producer surplus after interna- tional trade is ____. a. Area C; Area A + Area B + Area C + Area D b. Area B + Area C; Area C c. Area B + Area C; Area C d. Area A + Area B + Area D; Area C 18. U.S. producer surplus ____ when the United States imports a good and U.S. producer surplus ____ when the United States exports a good. a. increases; increases b. increases; decreases c. decreases; increases d. decreases; decreases 19. When the United States exports a good, U.S. con- sumer surplus ____ and U.S. total surplus ____. a. increases; increases b. increases; decreases c. decreases; increases d. decreases; decreases 10. When the United States exports a good, the amount of the ____ in U.S. consumer surplus is ____ the amount of the ____ in U.S. producer surplus. a. increase; smaller than; increase b. increase; larger than; decrease c. decrease; smaller than; increase d. decrease; equal to; increase International Trade Restrictions 11. A tariff is a. a government imposed limit on the amount of a good that can be exported from a nation. b. a government imposed barrier that sets a fixed limit on the amount of a good that can be im- ported into a nation. c. a tax on a good imported into a nation. d. an agreement between governments to limit ex- ports from a nation. 12. When the United States imposes a tariff on a good, the amount of the ____ in U.S. consumer surplus is ____ the amount of the ____ in U.S. producer sur- plus a. increase; smaller than; increase b. increase; larger than; decrease c. decrease; larger than; increase d. decrease; equal to; increase 13. Who benefits from a tariff on a good? a. Domestic consumers of the good b. Domestic producers of the good c. Foreign governments d. Foreign producers of the good GLOBAL MARKETS IN ACTION 117 14. When the United States imposes an import quota on a good, the amount of the ____ in U.S. con- sumer surplus is ____ the amount of the ____ in U.S. producer surplus a. increase; smaller than; increase b. increase; larger than; decrease c. decrease; larger than; increase d. decrease; equal to; increase 15. Who benefits from an import quota on a good? a. Domestic consumers of the good b. Domestic producers of the good c. Foreign governments d. Domestic government 16. Tariffs ____ consumer surplus and import quotas ____ consumer surplus. a. increase; increase b. increase; decrease c. decrease; increase d. decrease; decrease 17. Tariffs ____ the domestic price of the good and import quotas ____ the domestic price of the good. a. raise; raise b. raise; lower c. lower; raise d. lower; lower 18. Tariffs ____ a deadweight loss and import quotas ____ a deadweight loss. a. create; create b. create; do not create c. do not create; create d. do not create; do not create 19. When does the government gain the most revenue? a. When it imposes a tariff. b. When it imposes an import quota. c. When it negotiates a voluntary export restraint. d. When it offers an export subsidy. The Case Against Protection 20. Selling a product in a foreign nation at a price less than its cost of production is called a. infant industry exploitation. b. absolute advantage. c. dumping. d. net exporting. 21. The (false) idea that an industry should be protected because of learning-by-doing until it is large enough to compete successfully in world markets is the ____ argument for protection. a. cheap foreign labor b. infant industry c. dumping d. comparative advantage 22. When a rich nation buys a product made in a poor nation, in the poor nation the demand for labor ____ and the wage rate ____. a. increases; rises b. increases; falls c. decreases; rises d. decreases; falls 23. Which of the following is a valid reason for protect- ing an industry? a. The industry is unable to compete with low- wage foreign competitors. b. Protection penalizes lax environmental standards. c. Protection keeps richer nations from exploiting the workers of poorer countries. d. None of the above reasons is a valid reason for protection. 24. Which of the following statements about the gains from international trade is correct? a. Everyone gains from international trade. b. Some people gain from international trade and some lose, though overall the gains exceed the losses. c. Some people gain and some people lose from international trade; overall the losses exceed the gains. d. Everyone loses from international trade. ? Short Answer Problems 1. Table 7.1 (on the next page) gives the domestic supply and demand schedules for watches for the nation of Norolex. a. Draw the supply and demand schedules in Fig- ure 7.8 (on the next page). b. What is the equilibrium price? c. How many watches are produced in Norolex? How many are purchased by consumers in Norolex? 118 CHAPTER 7 TABLE 7.1 Market for Watches in Norolex Price (dollars per watch) Quantity demanded (millions of watches) Quantity supplied (millions of watches) $20 65 15 25 60 20 30 55 25 35 50 30 40 45 35 45 40 40 50 35 45 d. If the world price of a watch is $35 per watch, how many watches are produced in Norolex and how many are consumed? Does Norolex import or export watches? How many? e. At what world prices would Norolex export watches? At what world prices would Norolex import watches? 2. Figure 7.9 shows the U.S. market for ethanol. a. If ethanol is not traded internationally, what is the U.S. price and quantity of ethanol? In dol- lars, what is the amount of consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total surplus? b. Now suppose the United States allows interna tional trade in ethanol. In Figure 7.9 show the U.S. consumer surplus and U.S. producer surplus when ethanol is imported at the world price. In dollars, what is the amount of consumer sur- plus, producer surplus, and total surplus? c. How do the changes in the surpluses relate to the gainers and losers from international trade? 3. How does a tariff on an imported good affect the domestic price of the good? The quantity imported and the quantity produced domestically? 4. Return to the watch industry in Norolex, with the demand and supply schedules in Table 7.1. The world price of a watch is $35. The watch industry in Norolex is unhappy with the situation after trade has occurred and so it lobbies the government to impose a $5 per watch tariff. a. With the tariff, what is the price of a watch in Norolex? How many watches are consumed in Norolex, produced in Norolex, and imported into Norolex? What is the government?s reve- nue from this tariff? b. In Figure 7.10 (on the next page) draw the de- mand and supply curves in Norolex. Show the world price of $35 a watch. Indicate the effect of the tariff and show the deadweight loss from the tariff. c. What is the action of the watch industry lobby group called? 5. How does a quota on an imported good affect the domestic price of the good, the quantity produced domestically, and the quantity imported? GLOBAL MARKETS IN ACTION 119 6. Again return to the watch industry in Norolex with the supply and demand schedules given in Table 71. Suppose the watch industry lobby group in Norolex convinces the government to impose an import quota of 10 million watches. With the im- port quota, what is the price of a watch in Norolex? How many watches are consumed in Norolex, pro- duced in Norolex, and imported into Norolex? What is the government?s revenue from this import quota? 7. Figure 7.11 shows the market for sugar. a. With international trade in sugar and no pro- tection, what is the price of sugar in the United States, how much sugar is consumed in the United States and how much is produced? What is the U.S. consumer surplus from sugar, the U.S. producer surplus from sugar, and the total surplus? b. Suppose the government imposes an import quota of 6 million tons of sugar per year. Show the effect of this quota in Figure 7.11. What is the price of sugar in the United States, how much sugar is consumed in the United States and how much is produced? What is the U.S. consumer surplus from sugar and the U.S. pro- ducer surplus from sugar? Who gains and who loses from the quota? What is the deadweight loss? c. How does the deadweight loss with the import quota compare to the deadweight loss without the import quota? Are import quotas good or bad for the economy? ? You?re the Teacher 1. ?I understand the stuff about comparative advan- tage. But I can?t see how the United States can compete with nations like Mexico, where the wages are so low. We have to protect our high wages by keeping Mexican products out of our markets.? Your friend thinks he understands comparative ad- vantage, but he does not. Help him understand comparative advantage. Explain how American firms can compete with Mexican companies. 2. After you explain the error in question 1, your friend makes another mistake: ?OK, now I see how U.S. firms can compete. But, still, international trade can?t be good. After all, if this trade helps Mexico, we must lose. So I still think that interna- tional trade should be banned.? Explain to your friend how international trade benefits both Amer- ica and Mexico. 120 CHAPTER 7 Answers ? True/False Answers How Global Markets Work 11. F Services, such as travel abroad, transportation, and insurance, can be traded internationally. 12. T In 2008, as throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the value of U.S. imports exceeded the value of U.S. exports. 13. T The lower U.S. price means that the United States has a comparative advantage in the pro- duction of the good. 14. T The U.S. price rises to equal the world price. 15. T The rise in consumption is the benefit the Unit- ed States receives from imports. Winners, Losers, and the Net Gains from Trade 16. T When the United States imports a good, the U.S. price falls and the quantity produced in the United States decreases, both of which decrease U.S. producer surplus. 17. F While U.S. total surplus rises, U.S. producer surplus falls and U.S. producers are harmed by imports. 18. F U.S. consumer surplus falls because the U.S. price of wheat rises when the United States ex- ports wheat. 19. T When the United States exports a good, the U.S. price rises, which benefits U.S. producers and harms U.S. consumers. 10. F The total surplus rises in both the nation that exports the good and the nation that imports the good. International Trade Restrictions 11. F By raising the price of imported goods, tariffs harm consumers. 12. T By raising the French price of wheat, French producers respond by increasing the quantity of wheat they produce. 13. F Tariffs in the United States are near an all-time low. 14. F A quota raises the domestic price of the good, thereby decreasing the consumer surplus. 15. F A quota creates a deadweight loss in Chile, indi- cating that Chile loses from the quota. 16. F The government gains no revenue from either a quota or a voluntary export restraint. The Case Against Protection 17. F All arguments for protection are flawed. 18. T In industries with a comparative advantage, higher productivity more than offsets higher wages, so American firms can successfully compete. 19. F International trade raises wages in poor nations. 20. F Governments gain no revenue from quotas whe- reas they gain some revenue from tariffs. ? Multiple Choice Answers How Global Markets Work 11. d The United States is by far the world?s largest trader, accounting for 10 percent of world ex- ports and 15 percent of world imports. 12. a If the U.S. price of cotton before international trade is lower than the world price, the United States has a comparative advantage in producing cotton and will export cotton. 13. b If the United States exports a good, its U.S. price rises, which increases its U.S. production and decreases its U.S. consumption. 14. c If the United States imports a good, its U.S. price falls, which decreases its U.S. production and increases its U.S. consumption. Winners, Losers, and the Net Gains from Trade 15. b The equilibrium is determined by the intersec- tion of the supply and demand curves. 16. d Imports benefit consumers because their con- sumer surplus increases. 17. c Imports harm producers because their producer surplus decreases. 18. c Imports harm producers and exports benefit producers. 19. c Exports harm consumers, because their con- sumer surplus decreases, but they benefit the overall economy because total surplus increases. 10. c Consumers lose from exports, producers gain, and the gain to producers exceeds the loss to consumers so, on net, society gains. GLOBAL MARKETS IN ACTION 121 International Trade Restrictions 11. c Answer (c) is the definition of a tariff. 12. c Consumers lose from a tariff, producers gain, but the loss to consumers exceeds the gain to producers so that, on net, society loses. 13. b Domestic producers gain because the price of the product rises. 14. c Analogous to the situation with a tariff, consum- ers lose from a quota, producers gain, but the loss to consumers exceeds the gain to producers so that, on net, society loses. 15. b An import quota increases the domestic produc- ers? producer surplus. 16. d Tariffs and quotas both harm consumers by decreasing consumer surplus. 17. a Tariffs and quotas both raise the domestic price of the good. 18. a All trade barriers create deadweight losses. 19. a Unlike tariffs, the government gets no revenue from quotas and voluntary export restraints. The Case Against Protection 20. c Although often alleged, dumping is difficult to prove because it is difficult to determine whether a firm is selling below its cost. 21. b The description in the problem is the definition of the infant industry argument for protection. 22. a By increasing the demand for the goods pro- duced in the poor nation, the demand for labor increases, thereby raising the wage rate in that nation. 23. d All of the reasons offered for protection are faul- ty. 24. b Because the overall gains exceed the overall loses, in principle the losers from international trade can be compensated so that, on balance, every- one gains from the trade. ? Answers to Short Answer Problems 1. a. Figure 7.12 shows the demand and supply curves. b. Either from Figure 7.12 or from the demand and supply schedules, the equilibrium price with no international trade is $45 because at this price the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. c. With no trade, 40 million watches per year are produced domestically, and so 40 million watch- es per year are purchased by consumers in Noro- lex. d. If the world price of a watch is $35, then 30 million watches are produced in Norolex and 50 million are consumed. Norolex imports 20 mil- lion watches. e. Norolex exports watches if the world price ex- ceeds $45, the no-trade equilibrium price in No- rolex. For prices higher than $45, Norolex has a comparative advantage in producing watches. Norolex imports watches for world prices lower than $45. If the world price of a watch is less than $45, Norolex does not have a comparative advantage in producing watches. 2. a. With no international trade, the price of a gallon of ethanol in the United States is $1.00 and 15 million gallons are produced. The consumer surplus is identified in Figure 71.3 (on the next page) as area A. The area of this triangle is equal to ½ × base × height or ½ × ($1.75 ? $1.00) × 15 million, or $5,625,000. The producer sur- plus in Figure 71.3 is equal to the area of the tri- angle comprised of area B + area C. The producer surplus is equal to ½ × ($1.00 ? $0.25) × 15 million, or (again) $5,625,000. The total surplus is equal to the sum of the consumer surplus and producer surplus, or $11,250,000. 122 CHAPTER 7 b. With international trade, the price in the United States falls to the world price, $0.75 per gallon. 20 million gallons of ethanol are consumed in the United States and 10 million gallons are produced. Consumer surplus becomes equal to area A + area B + area D, which is equal to $5,625,000 + $3,125,000 + $1,250,000, or $10,000,000. Producer surplus becomes equal to area C, which is $2,500,000. Total surplus equals the sum of consumer surplus and pro- ducer surplus, $12,500,000. c. Consumers gain from imports, which is demon- strated by the point that the consumer surplus increases with imports. Producers lose with im- ports, which is demonstrated by the point that producer surplus decreases with imports. Society overall benefits from imports, which is demon- strated by the point that total surplus increases with imports. 3. A tariff on an imported good raises its price to do- mestic consumers because the foreign export supply decreases. As the domestic price of the good climbs, the quantity of the good demanded domestically decreases. The rise in the domestic price leads to an increase in the quantity of the good produced do- mestically. The quantity imported decreases. 4. a. The tariff increases the price of a watch in Noro- lex to $40. In Norolex at this price, 45 million watches are consumed, 35 million watches are produced, and 10 million watches are imported. The government gains tariff revenue of 10 million watches × $5, or $50 million. b. Figure 7.14 shows the situation in Norolex. The amount of the tariff is equal to the length of the arrow. The deadweight loss is equal to the area of the two grey triangles. c. The producers are rent seeking. 5. The effect of a quota on the domestic price of the good, the quantity imported, and the quantity pro- duced domestically are exactly the same as the ef- fects of a tariff: The quota raises the price to domestic consumers, so the quantity of the good demanded domestically decreases and the quantity of the good produced domestically increases. For both reasons the quantity imported decreases. 6. The 10 million watch quota increases the price of a watch in Norolex to $40. In Norolex at this price, 45 million watches are consumed and 35 million watches are produced, so the quantity imported is equal to the quota amount, 10 million watches. The government gains no revenue from the quota. 7. a. The price of a pound of sugar in the United States is $0.25 a pound. At this price 20 million pounds of sugar are consumed in the United States and 2 million pounds are produced. In Figure 7.15 (on the next page) U.S. consumer surplus is area A + area B + area C + area D + area E, which is $12,500,000. U.S. producer surplus is equal to area F, $250,000. Total sur- plus is equal to consumer surplus plus producer surplus, or $12,750,000. GLOBAL MARKETS IN ACTION 123 b. Figure 7.15 shows the situation with the import quota. The amount of the quota is equal to the length of the arrow. The quota changes the sup- ply curve from S US to S US + quota. The price of a pound of sugar rises to $0.75. At this price, in the United States 12 million pounds of sugar are consumed and 6 million pounds of sugar are produced. With the quota consumer surplus is equal to area A, which is $4,500,000 and pro- ducer surplus is equal to area B + area F, which is $2,250,000. With the quota, consumer sur- plus decreases from $12,500,000 to $4,500,000 and producer surplus increases from $225,000 to $2,225,000. Consumers lose from the quota and producers gain. The deadweight loss is equal to area C + area E, which is $3,000,000. c. The deadweight loss without the quota is zero; with the quota it is $3,000,000. The deadweight loss is much larger with the quota, which shows that import quotas harm the economy. ? You?re the Teacher 1. ?Look, you don?t have the main idea here. Let?s use some numbers because they should help you catch on. Suppose that American wages are 10 times higher than Mexican wages. Now, it?s also a fact that American workers are more productive than Mexican workers. Let?s take two industries. In the first, call it industry A, suppose that American workers are 2 times as productive as Mexican workers; in the second, say, industry B, American workers are 20 times as productive. In industry A, American firms won?t be able to compete with Mexican firms. Sure, our workers are twice as productive, but they are paid ten times as much. Therefore American firms will lose out in this industry. But in industry B, American companies will drive Mexican firms out of business. Even though our workers are paid 10 times as much as Mexican workers are paid, they produce 20 times as much as Mexican workers pro- duce. The per unit cost of the good is less in the United States, so American firms are going to be able to compete and compete successfully. ?The United States won?t be able to compete suc- cessfully with Mexico in producing every type of good or service but the reason is that the United States does not (and cannot) have a comparative ad- vantage in all goods and services. But in the indus- try with the comparative advantage ? industry B in my example ? the United States is going to be able to compete and to win the competition.? 2. ?You?re missing another key point. The chapter explains how trade allows all nations to increase their total surplus. Remember the diagrams showing this result? Obviously, this fact has to make nations engaged in international trade better off. ?But there?s also another way to tackle this point. I read somewhere that ?trade is not a zero-sum game.? Here?s what that means: If you and I voluntarily agree to a trade, like I?ll trade my economics notes for your chemistry notes, the trade has to make us both better off. After all, if the trade didn?t make me better off, I wouldn?t agree to it and if it didn?t make you better off, you wouldn?t agree to it. ?Well, it?s the same idea with trading between na- tions. Suppose that we import a DVD player from Mexico and the Mexicans use the money we sent them to buy 5 bushels of wheat from Kansas. Essen- tially, we?ve traded the 5 bushels of wheat for the DVD player. If this trade didn?t make us better off, we wouldn?t do it. So, too, for the Mexicans in- volved: If they didn?t want the wheat more than the DVD player, they won?t agree to the transaction. And, as the chapter explained, if we specialize in wheat and Mexico in DVD players, we both will be better off, with both gaining more total surplus. ?You know, I think this is really cool. Trade be- tween us makes both of us better off and trade be- tween nations makes both nations better off!? 124 CHAPTER 7 Chapter Quiz 11. It is ____ to import a service and it is ____ to ex- port a service. a. possible; possible b. possible; not possible c. not possible; possible d. not possible; not possible 12. If the U.S. price of an airplane before international trade is ____ the world price, the United States will ____ airplanes. a. the same as; both import and export b. lower than; import c. higher than; export d. lower than; export 13. A tariff ____ consumer surplus and an import quota ____ consumer surplus. a. increases; increases b. increases; decreases c. decreases; decreases d. decreases; increases 14. If the United States exports wheat, U.S. producer surplus ____ and U.S. total surplus ____, a. decreases; decreases b. increases; increases c. increases; does not change d. does not change; increases 15. If Mexico imposes a tariff on imported sugar, ____ gains from the tariff. a. Mexican sugar producers and the Mexican gov- ernment b. Mexican sugar consumers and the Mexican gov- ernment c. Mexican sugar consumers and Mexican sugar producers d. only Mexican sugar producers 16. A tariff restricts ____ and benefits ____. a. exports; producers b. exports; consumers c. imports; producers d. imports; consumers 17. If Germany imposes a quota on imports of copper, the price of copper in Germany ____ and the quan- tity of copper consumed in Germany ____. a. rises; decreases b. falls; increases c. rises; increases d. falls; decreases 18. When a quota is imposed, the difference between the domestic price and the world price is collected by a. the domestic government. b. the foreign government. c. domestic consumers. d. domestic importers of the good. 19. It is possible for expensive U.S. labor to compete successfully against less expensive foreign labor be- cause U.S. labor a. pays taxes in the United States. b. can travel abroad to produce the goods in other nations. c. frequently belongs to powerful labor unions that protect their interest. d. is more productive. 10. If a poor nation exports a good to a rich nation, in the poor nation wages in the export sector ____ and employment ____. a. rise; increases b. rise; decreases c. fall; decreases d. fall; increases The answers for this Chapter Quiz are on page 345 homeuser Microsoft Word - 7sgMICRObw900.doc