Exam 1, Chapter 24, evolution by natural selection

Biology Bi20202 with Coverdill at Boston College

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By: Melissa Chavez
Created: 2012-02-05
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allele frequency

Species evolve over time due to a change in this in populations

Adaptations

Heritable traits that increase an individuals ability to produce successful offs pring

Fitness trade offs, genetic, and historical factors

Ada ptations are constrained by these factors

Evolution by natural selection

This occurs when individuals with ada ptive alleles contribute the most offs pring to the p o pulations next generation

True

T or F > evolution acts upon populations and not individuals

False

T or F > Evolution does things for the good of the species

False

T or F > all traits are adaptive

Special Creation

Evolution by natural selection conflicts with this theory

Special Creation

The idea that a supernatural being instantaneously created life, leading to unchanging and independent species

plato

This thinker held the idea that species are unchanging and created by God. Thus, variations within species are really insignificant and misleading

The Great Chain of Being

Aristotle proposed this idea that species are organized into a sequence from the smallest and least complex to the largest and most complex. In other words, some species are better than others

True

T or F > Aristotles Great Chain of Being concept involves the idea that species are unchanging

Lamarck

This man was the first to propose a theory of evolution in which species change through time. he believed that they begun at the bottom of the Great Chain of being and then move upward over time

spontaneous generation

Lamarck believed that organisms arose via this

aquired characters or traits developed by individuals in response to environmental challenges

Lamarck believes that organisms progessed along the Great Chain by inheriting these, as illustrated in his example of giraffes

individuals, traits, population

Darwin and Wallace believed that evolution occurs because BLANK vary and, based on their BLANK, some individuals contribute more offspring than others in the same BLANK

population

individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

population thinking

The thought that variation is necessary and essential rather than unimportant or misleading. Crucial to Darwin and Wallaces theory

Descent with modification

Darwin described evolution as BLANK, which meant that over time ancestral species change into somewhat different descendent species

True

T or F > The idea that species change through time and are related by a common ancestor was incredibly radical for its time

Species that are alive today

What are extant species

True

T or F > Fossil data does not support creationism because of the amount of time sediment requires to form and the study of radioactive isotopes to date fossils

Extinct

Darwin interpreted BLANK as evidence that species are dynamic and can change because if species can be BLANK then the variety of Earths life forms have changed over time

Law of succession

The idea that exctinct fossils are typically succeeded, in the same region, by similar species. This is why extant species often resemble their extinct ancestors.

transitional features

seen in the fossil record. intermediate characteristics between older and younger species

vestigial traits

functionless structures similar to functioning structures in related species. Evidence that trait structure and function changes over time. does not support the creation of perfect beings by a supernatural one

antibiotic resistance in bacteria

an examle of evolution in modern species as a result of environmental changes

Similar species in the same geograhical areas, homology

Two examples of evidence of descent from a common ancestor

homology

the resemblance due to common descent

genetic homology

similarities in DNA sequences. uncludes the universal genetic code (or idea that all organisms use the same compounds of storing information and making proteins

developmental homology

similarity in embryo form and attern of tissue differentiation. includes vestigial traits during development

structural homology

similarity in adult morphology stemming from developmental and genetic homology

genetic homology

Squid genes for forming eyes were interted into fruit fly embryos. When these genes were exressed in ebryo arts that form appendages, eyes formed on lags and antennae. What is this an example of

Animal testing

Because of homologies, this practice can allow us to study drugs and genetic sequences in other organisms

Evidence that s p ecies are not static but change over time

The following are evidence of what?:

Most species have gone extinct

fossils resemble living species of the same area

transitional features

vestigial traits

population change can be observed today

Species are related, not independent

The following are evidence of what?:

closely related species often live in same area

homologous traits

formation of new species from preexisting ones can be seen today

Internal consistency of evolution

Cetaceans show homologous structures, fossils show transitional traits, fossil dating, DNA phylogeny shows relationship, and vestigial bones.

these are all different data sets that support evolution of hippos to whales. They show the BLANK of evolution

variation in traits, some variations are heritable, some individuals reproduce more successfully than others, survival and reproduction are influenced by heritable traits

the four postulates of evolution by natural selection

evolution

the change in a populations allele frequencies over time

differential reproductive success

evolution by natural selection occurs when heritable variation leads to BLANK

biological fitness

the ability to produce more surviving offspring than other individuals in a population

adaptations

heritable traits that increase an individuals fitness relative to individuals lacking that trait

environment

fitness and adaptation onle have meaning in reference to a particular BLANK

individual, population

natural selection acts in the BLANK but only the BLANK evolves

acclimation

when an individual changes over its lifetime in response to environmental change

the phenotypic changes are not heritable. the alleles remain the same

why doesnt acclimation cause evolution

False

T or F > the changes involved in natural selection are not random but are goal directed instead

False

T or F > evolution is progressive. organisms that come later are more comlex than their ancestors

False because if this were to arise due to a mutation, the allele would be selected against

T or F> organisms sometimes act for the good of the species and purely self sacrificing behavior does exist

vestigial

these traits do not increase fitness. they only exists because they did in ancestral organisms.

nonadaptive traits

vestigial traits, neutral mutations, and holdover structures in development are examples of BLANK. they rove that evolution is not a perfect process

genetic correlation

when selection on alleles for one trait causes a correlated but suboptimal change in another trait, limiting the possible evolutionary outcomes. for example deeper beaks in finches also makes them wider, even though narrow would be better

genetic variation

lack of BLANK can also contrain evolution because natural selection can work only on extant variation in a pop

fitness trade off

this is a compromise between traits that occurs because selection acts on many traits at once within a given individual

history

because all traits evolve from previously existing traits, adaptations are constrained by BLANK

pattern, and a process that creates the pattern

the two parts to a theory

cell theory

all organisms are made of cells and all cells come pre existing cells

cell

smallest unit of life

False because Darwin came up with HOW it occurs, not the idea in general

T or F > Darwin came u with the idea of evolution by natural selection

pattern

all secies are related by common ancestry. characteristics of species are modified from earlier generations. this is the BLANK part of the theory of evolution

descent with modification

this is the process of the theory of evolution

natural selection

the mechanism by which favorable traits for reproduction survive and reproduce more than others, become favored in the species

idea that all species have a common ancestor

what is LUCA or the last universal common ancestor

speciation

the divergent process where populations diverge and form new species

genealogy

another word for phylogeny

True

T or F > eukarya and Archaea are more closely related than bacteria

lamarck

this man believed in the use it or lose it principle, or that changes in phenotypes would be passed on

False

T or F > Darwin and Wallace believed that changes in species was linear

variability, heritability, differential reproduction

the three requirements for natural selection

homology

the term used to describe when traits have the same structure but different functions

analogy

the term used to describe when traits have the same function but different structures.

convergent evolution

when organisms have no common ancestor but they have analogous traits, these traits are said to have occurred via BLANK. it is a way of saying they took a different route to the same end

evolution can only modify what is there, a trait can only be passed on if the organism can live now, some traits may be good now but bad later

why is evolution a "short sighted tinkerer"?

About this deck

By: Melissa Chavez
Created: 2012-02-05
Size: 73 flashcards
Views: 23

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
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