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- Saint Louis University
- Physical Therapy
- Physical Therapy 414
- Freese
- Exam 1: Energy Sources and Metabolism
Exam 1: Energy Sources and Metabolism
Physical Therapy 414 with Freese at Saint Louis University
About this deck
By: Amanda DiGangi
Created: 2012-01-27
Size: 93 flashcards
Views: 105
Created: 2012-01-27
Size: 93 flashcards
Views: 105
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What is the ratio of H:O in a glucose molecule?
2H : 1O
What is common among all saccharides?
they all have glucose in them
What is glycogenesis?
the making of glycogen
(often after eating)
(often after eating)
In what form is sugar absorbed?
sugar is absorbed as simple carbohydrates
Stored glycogen can power a runner for up to ___miles.
20
High carb diet results in _______ carb stores.
HIGHER
Higher carb stores result in _________ glucose storage.
BETTER
Better glucose storage requires ________ gluconeogenesis.
LESS
Why do fats double the amount of energy of sugars?
Because fats have MUCH more Hydrogen
the H:O ratio in fats vs. sugars is what makes the difference
the H:O ratio in fats vs. sugars is what makes the difference
How does low carb intake, with exercise, affect fats and proteins in our body?
with a low carb diet, we will begin to break down too much protein. (Mm depletion)
also, we need carbs to fully metabolize fats.
also, we need carbs to fully metabolize fats.
How does sugar relate to our CNS?
Carbs/sugars function as a major energy source for the CNS
low blood sugar causes CNS problems
low blood sugar causes CNS problems
What is the difference between HDL and LDL (lipoproteins)
High density = more than fat -- good for you
Low density = less than fat -- bad for you
Low density = less than fat -- bad for you
Which density lipoprotein, high or low, decreases your risk for heard disease?
High density
Saturated fat is a _______ at room temperature.
solid
Unsaturated fat is a liquid at room temp
Unsaturated fat is a liquid at room temp
Fats/lipids are stored in _____________.
adipocytes
(also protein sparer)
(also protein sparer)
If you don't have any ______ in your diet you won't feel full after eating.
fat
Fat soluble vitamins include...
DrAKE
Phospholipids are important for 2 main things, what are they?
cell structure and blood clotting
Why can't we run to NY?
We can't metabolize fat without carbohydrates
What is the purpose of the Alanine-Glucose Cycle?
gluconeogenesis - for prolonged events such as marathon running
What is the primary function of Proteins? What is its energy source?
Anabolism is the primary function and it gets its energy from catabolism.
What are small amounts of protein pre and post exercise training good for?
Increasing net protein balance
-- important recovery fuel
-- important recovery fuel
What is the average ratio of carbs:fats in energy consumption?
about 50:50
we use both at rest
we use both at rest
When you have low carb and low fat stores, what is used?
protein
In time it takes to fatigue on a bike, those with high carb/low fat diets lasted ___X longer than those with high fat/low carb diets.
3X
Define Energy
the ability to do work
converting chemical energy to mechanical energy
converting chemical energy to mechanical energy
3 main Energy Sources in the body are...
1) phosphagen system
2) glycogenolysis / glycolysis
3) mitochondrial respiration
2) glycogenolysis / glycolysis
3) mitochondrial respiration
How does the concentration of phospho creatine in the cell relate to the concentration of ATP?
PC conc. is ~4-6 times greater than stored ATP conc.
(most is stored in skeletal muscle)
(most is stored in skeletal muscle)
Which (ATP or PC) gives up a Phosphate more quickly?
PC - thus will help sprinters, not marathon runners
ATP and PC provides ____________ sources of phosphate-bond energy.
ANAEROBIC
It takes fat _______ to release energy than carbs.
longer; carbs are the fastest at releasing energy
There are two forms of Carbohydrate breakdown. What are they?
Aerobic glycolysis and
Anaerobic glycolysis
Anaerobic glycolysis
Aerobic glycolysis is fast or slow?
SLOW
pyruvate becomes end product (slow process)
pyruvate becomes end product (slow process)
Anaerobic glycolysis is fast or slow?
FAST
results in lactate formation (fast process)
pyruvate becomes lactate
results in lactate formation (fast process)
pyruvate becomes lactate
What types of enzymes speed up glycolysis?
glycolitic enzymes
(hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase)
(hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase)
Besides enzymes, what else regulates glycolysis?
levels of substrate fructose (1,6-diphosphate)
and
oxygen
and
oxygen
In oxidative phosphorylation, when does oxygen come into play?
at the END of the process
With aerobic training, what happens to the mitochondria of the cell?
we get more mitochondria with training - become more efficient at aerobic exercise
What is the only fuel that we can use anaerobically?
Carbohydrates
Where in the cell does Anaerobic glycolysis occur?
in the cytoplasm
What should you think of when you hear/read substrate phosphorylation?
yields 2 ATP ( from anaerobic glycolysis)
what is the primary rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
PhosphoFructoKinase - PFK
Is the Kreb Cycle aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic - is part of oxidative phosphorylation
Where does the Kreb Cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) occur?
in the Mitochondria
What product from the Kreb Cycle is crucial for electron transport?
the 16 Hydrogen ions produced
(what has highest ratio of Hs to Os?)
(what has highest ratio of Hs to Os?)
Pyruvate can do two things after glycolysis
it can go into the mitochondria for the kreb cycle
or can become lactate
if pyruvate accumulates, glycolysis will have to go in reverse
or can become lactate
if pyruvate accumulates, glycolysis will have to go in reverse
How does NAD help the electron transport chain?
NAD picks up H ions and takes them to ETC
Why is Oxygen important at the end of the ETC?
it is required to pick up electrons at the end so ETC can continue
if you run out of Oxygen = slow of ETC and less production of ATP
if you run out of Oxygen = slow of ETC and less production of ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation yields how many ATP?
32
(this is better for you. aka electron transport)
(this is better for you. aka electron transport)
4 Requirements for Oxidative Phosphorylation
The right Substrates - NAD FAD - good nutrition
Many H ions
Good Enzyme system (get more with training)
Oxygen - to accept enzymes
Many H ions
Good Enzyme system (get more with training)
Oxygen - to accept enzymes
What are the enzyme inhibitors of Aerobic Metabolism?
ATP and NADH
What tells our body that we need more ATP?
ADP and NAD
Rate ATP synthesis processes from fastest to slowest.
PCr > Glycolysis > Pyruvate Oxidation > FFA Oxidation
As more lactic acid buffering occurs, what happens?
increases CO2, which increases breathing, keeps us from being acidotic
What happens to Lactate Levels after you stop exercising?
lactate levels drop quickly
What muscle fiber type makes lactate? Which picks it up to use it?
Type II make it, Type I picks it up and uses it.
What is the difference between Lactate threshold and Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation?
the threshold is the point when lactate level in blood exceeds 1mmol/L
OBLA is when it is 4mmol/L
OBLA is when it is 4mmol/L
How do we detect the presence of lactate accumulation?
increase in blood lactate
drop in pH
increase in Respiratory Exchange Ratio
reaching ventilatory threshold
drop in pH
increase in Respiratory Exchange Ratio
reaching ventilatory threshold
The lactate threshold in the untrained occurs around ____% of their VO2 max
50-60
Lactate threshold in the trained occurs around ____% VO2 max
65
A trained individual will acquire more mitochondria, what does that mean for lactate formation?
because there are more mitochondria there will be more pyruvate formed which delays onset of lactate
What organ is involved in the Cori Cycle?
Liver
What is the Cori Cycle used for?
lactate is made back to glucose - gluconeogenesis
What is Beta Oxidation? What does it require?
breakdown of fats, oxygen
What is the only fuel we can use anaerobically? (sorry idk how to spell that)
Carbohydrates
What affect do hormones have on the use of free fatty acids?
they increase the use of FFAs, like cortisol
In what process do we find protein breakdown?
after Transamination (loss of N) the carbon skeleton enters Kreb Cycle at many diff levels
After Nitrogen removal, what is the "fate" of the amino acid?
gluconeogenesis
energy source
fat synthesis
energy source
fat synthesis
What food stuff(s) need Oxygen to be metabolized
Fats AND Proteins
What do we burn when we have low carb stores?
protien
Proteins, Fats and Carbs all come together and are broken down in the...
Mitochondria - the more we have the better we can break down all 3
What is the primary source of energy for brief, intense exercise?
ATP/PC stores and anaerobic glycolysis
If we train aerobically...
more mitochondria, will use fats more efficiently, will spare our glycogen/glucose levels, will fatigue less quickly
If we are working under high intensity what fuel will we use
will go for shorter duration and will Use High amounts of Carbs
What happens to Respiratory Quotient as exercise prolongs?
RQ lowers
RQ - CO2 produced / O2 consumed
RQ - CO2 produced / O2 consumed
What is an RQ of 1.0?
CHO oxidation
What is an RQ of 0.7?
Fat oxidation
What is an RQ of .81?
Protein oxidation
Brief intense exercise utilizes what energy sources?
ATP/PC/glucose
Primarily ANaerobic
Primarily ANaerobic
Brief/Moderate exercise utilizes what energy sources?
50% Fat
50% Carbs
Aerobic/anaerobic
50% Carbs
Aerobic/anaerobic
Prolonged exercise utilizes what energy sources?
80% fat
aerobic/anaerobic
aerobic/anaerobic
At rest what energy systems are working?
Majority is Fat
Primarily aerobic
Primarily aerobic
The longer we exercise the more __________ energy systems we use.
Aerobic
What happens to our glycogen as the intensity of our exercise increases?
glycogen is depleted faster
How many ATP do we get from one broken down molecule of fat?
460 ATP
Define Oxygen Deficit
O2 consumed ideal minus O2 consumed actual
(borrowing of stored energy at the beginning of exercise)
(borrowing of stored energy at the beginning of exercise)
What happens to Oxygen Deficit with training?
With training, we have to borrow less oxygen
our O2 Deficit gets better
our O2 Deficit gets better
How long into exercise does our O2 rate level out?
2-3 minutes
What is EPOC?
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption -- or Oxygen Debt
O2 consumed during recovery minus O2 consumed at rest
O2 consumed during recovery minus O2 consumed at rest
What restores our PC stores?
EPOC -- repaying our Oxygen deficit
O2 Deficit is < or > than O2 Debt
O2 Deficit < O2 Debt
As exercise intensity or length increases, our O2 Deficit ....
Increases - especially with all-out maximal exercise
About this deck
By: Amanda DiGangi
Created: 2012-01-27
Size: 93 flashcards
Views: 105
Created: 2012-01-27
Size: 93 flashcards
Views: 105
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis