Exam 1: lecture 1, 2&3 Pharmacology
Psychology 454 with Mueller at University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee
About this deck
By: Lindsay Fero
Textbook:
Psychopharmacology: Drugs, the Brain and Behavior
Created: 2011-09-30
Size: 48 flashcards
Views: 56
Textbook:
Psychopharmacology: Drugs, the Brain and BehaviorCreated: 2011-09-30
Size: 48 flashcards
Views: 56
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Addiction
a compulsive pattern of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior
Substance dependence
- A chronically relapsing disorder that is characterized by
- compulsion to seek and take the drug,
- loss of control in limiting intake
- emergence of a negative emotional state (e.g., dysphoria, anxiety, irritability)
What is a drug?
- any chemical substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function
- Vitamins, prescriptions, illicit drugs
What is Pharmacology?
- Scientific study of drug actions and effects on organisms
What is Neuropharmacology?
drug-induced changes in functioning of cells in the nervous system
What is Psychopharmacology?
drug-induced changes in mood, cognition, and behavior
drug action
- specific molecular changes produced by a drug when it binds to a particular target site or receptor
drug effect
- Alterations in physiological or psychological functions
therapeutic effects
desired effects of drugs
side effects
undesired effects of drugs
pharmacokinetics
the factors that contribute to bioavailability
1. drug administration (oral, intravenous, etc.)
2. absorption and distribution
3. binding
4. inactivation
5. excretion
pharmacodynamics
- the physiological and biochemical interaction of drugs with target tissue (i.e., mechanism of action)
drug administration
oral (PO), intravenous (IV), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous (SC: under the skin), intramuscular (IM), inhalation, topical, transdermal (between skin layers), epidural
absorption and distribution
membranes of oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, skin, muscles, lungs
binding
1. target site: neuron receptor
2. inactive storage depots: bone and fat
inactivation
happens in the liver
excretion
intestines, kidneys, lungs, sweat glands, etc.
products: feces, urine, vapor, sweat, saliva
lipid soluble drugs
passive diffusion across membranes by concentration gradient (kool-aid filling two halves of a container)
ionized drugs
- When dissolved in water, most drugs form charged particles that do not passively cross membranes
- pH (solution)
- pKA (drug)
- Acid dissociation constant
- the lower, the more likely to ionize
- pKA = pH when drug is 50% ionized
blood-brain barrier (BBB)
glial cells squish blood vessels in the brain to form tight wrapping and prevent leaks, fails to pass things through unless actively moved through lipid soluble transports
exceptions to the BBB
- Area postrema
- In medulla, causes vomiting when toxic substances detected in blood (chemical trigger zone: vomiting from alcohol consumption)
- Median eminence of hypothalamus
- Fenestrations allow neurohormones from hypothalamus to blood to pituitary gland
depot binding
- Drugs bind to inactive sites (muscle, fat)
- Delays onset of drug effects, reduces effects, and can prolong effects
drug clearance: first order kinetics (half-life)
all drugs (except alcohol) take six half lives to clear, each drug has a different half-life
biotransformation of drugs
- Chemical changes catalyzed by enzymes, usually in the liver (microsomal enzymes)
nonsynthetic modifications
- Form metabolite by breaking drug down through oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis
synthetic modifications
- Drug is combined with a small molecule
factors affecting drug metabolism
- Enzyme induction
- Enzyme inhibition
- Drug competition
- Individual differences
enzyme induction
- Repeated use of drugs can increase # of liver enzymes (e.g., nicotine)
- Increases rate of metabolism
enzyme inhibition
- Some drugs inhibit enzymes (e.g., MAOi)
- Decreases rate of metabolism
drug competition
- Some drugs share metabolic systems (e.g., alcohol, barbiturates)
- Limited # of enzymes, therefore greater blood concentration
individual differences
- Age, ethnicity, disease state (compromised liver)
How are drugs classified?
CNS stimulants: amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine
CNS depressants: barbiturates, alcohol
Analgesics: morphine, codeine
Hallucinogens: mescaline, LSD, psilocybin
Psychotherapeutics: prozac, thorazine
receptor agonists
- High affinity (something likes something else), high efficacy (turns element on)
- Initiate response
- Chronic down-regulation
receptor antagonists
- High affinity (something likes something else), low efficacy (does not turn element on)
- “block” receptor
- Chronic up-regulation
threshold
minimum dose that creates an effect
effective dose
dose at which 50% of pain is managed (or 50% of effectiveness is reached)
maximum dose
dose at which 100% of effect is obtained as well as side effects and toxicity
toxic dose
50% of people will have serious side effects, possibly including death
therapeutic index
margin of safety between effective dose and toxic dose
competitive antagonists
- Antagonist can displace agonist
- Reduces potency
noncompetitive antagonists
- Does not bind to agonist site, but reduces agonist action
- Reduces efficacy
physiological antagonism
when drug A is combined with drug B, both drugs are less effective
additive effects
when drug A and drug B are taken together, they add to each others effectiveness
potentiation
when drug A and drug B are taken together, the result is greater that the sum of the individual drug effects
tolerance
- Diminished response to drug administration after repeated drug exposure
- allows for increased doses with repeated use
- Tolerance to one drug can reduce effectiveness of another cross-tolerance
forms of tolerance
- Drug-disposition increased metabolism:liver produces more enzymes
- Pharmacodynamic :up- or down-regulation of receptors
- Behavioral context dependence (learned) body learns to prepare in the environment in which the drug is regularly taken
sensitization
- Enhanced response to drug after repeated exposure
tolerance vs. sensitization
- Basis for theories of addiction
- Explains overdose
- Explains unconscious motivation for drugs
About this deck
By: Lindsay Fero
Textbook: Psychopharmacology: Drugs, the Brain and Behavior
Created: 2011-09-30
Size: 48 flashcards
Views: 56
Textbook:
Psychopharmacology: Drugs, the Brain and BehaviorCreated: 2011-09-30
Size: 48 flashcards
Views: 56
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis