Exam 1 on Plants, etc.

Biology 123 with Wiles at Syracuse University

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By: Alyssa Resnick
Created: 2011-02-13
Size: 39 flashcards
Views: 109

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Two different kinds of plants..

-Monocot

-Dicot

Shoot System

-aerial, obtains sunlight, exchanges gases (CO2, oxygen, and water vapor)

-vertical stem that bears leaves ( main organs of photosynthesis)

-reproductive structures (flowers and fruits)

-buds develop on stems

Root System

-underground, obtains water and minerals for the plant, anchors plant in place

Xylem

-conducts water and minerals, complex tissue

-conducting cells = tracheids and vessel elements

Phloem

-conducts carbs and sugar, complex tissue

-conducting cells = sieve tube elements, companion cells

Vascular Tissue Cambium

-conducts materials throughout the body

-provides strength and support

Dermal Tissue System

-out protective covering for plant

-epidermis --- complex tissue, covers herbaceous plant body

-periderm --- complex tissue, covers woody part of plant

Epidermis

-waxy cuticle reduces water loss

-stomata permit gas exchange between shoot system and atmosphere

-trichomes are tiny hair like outgrowths (come in many shapes sixes, and functions)

-help plant survive harsh conditions

Growth in Plants...

-localized in specific regions (meristems)

-3 processes = cell elongation, cell differentiation, cell division

Apical Meristems

-at the tip of the root and within the buds of stems

-responsible for primary growth

Primary Growth

-the growth of the stem or root length

Secondary Growth

-increase in stem and root thickness

-mostly in woody plants

Two Lateral Meristems

-responsible for secondary growth

-vascular cambium (secondary xylem and phloem)

-cork cambium (produces periderm, cork cells: replaces epidermis in woody stem, cork parenchyma: storage in a woody plant)

Leaves

-broad, flat blade

-stalklike petiole

-some have stipules (small leave outgrowth from the base of the leaf)

Stomata

-small pores in the epidermis (permit gas exchange for photosynthesis)

-surrounded by two guard cells

Mesophyll

-Palisade mesophyll- functions for photosynthesis

-Spongy mesophyll- functions for gas exchange

Adaptions for Photosynthesis

1. broad flat leaves to obtain sun light

2. stomata open during the day for gas exchange and close at night

3. epidermis is transparent, which allows light to penetrate the middle of the leaf

4. air spaces in mesophyll- permit rapid diffusion of CO2 and water into mesophyll cells

Transpiration

-loss of water through aerial parts of plants (occurs through stomata)

-affected by: temperature, wind, and humidity

-it is beneficial and harmful to the plant

Leaf Abscission

-loss of leaves due to change in climate

- prior to leaf call psychological changes occur ( change in leaf color)

Stems

-nodes: area on stem where leaf is attached

-internodes: area of stem between two nodes

Tension Cohesion Model

-explains the rise of water in plants

Root Pressure

-explains the rise of water in smaller plants ( mostly when the soil is wet)

Sugar Translocation

-dissolved sugar is moved upward and downward in the phloem

-sucrose is the dominant sugaar

Pressure Flow Hypothesis

-explains the movement of materials in the phloem

-companion cells load sugar in the sieve tubes and then deposites it into a sink (using ATP)

-water leaves sieve tubes by osmosis

Taproot System

-one main root and a bunch of lateral roots extend off of it

-formed from the radicle

Fibrous Root System

-many fibrous roots of the same size

-developing from the end of the stem

Prop Roots

-develop from branches or vertical stem

-grow downward into soil (helps support certain plants in upright position)

Mycorrhizae

-relationship between roots and soil fungi

Energy

-capacity to do work

-heat energy: thermal energy that flows from higher to lower temperature

-potential energy: stored energy

-kinetic energy: energy of motion

Photosynthesis

-converts radiant energy to chemical energy

-in plants: occurs in cholroplasts, located in mesophyll cells

-chloroplasts: enclosed in a double membrane (stroma and grana)

The First Law of Thermodynamics

-energy cant be created or destroyed but can be transferred and changed in form

-close system: no exchange with surroundings

-open system: exchange energy with surroundings

Energy Sources

-Photoautrophs: use light as energy source

-Chemotrophs: obtain energy by oxidizing chemicals, and obtain carbon from other chemicals

Energy for Reactions

-light- dependent reactions: light energized reactions that generate ATP and NADPH

-carbon fixation reactions: use energy of ATP and NADPH to form carbohydrates

CAM Pathway

-PEP Carboxylase fixes carbon at night in mesophyll cells

-light reactions occur during the day

Photosynthesis Reaction Equation

6 CO2 +12 H2O (light energy, chlorophyll) → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

-replenishes oxygen in the atmosphere

-ultimate source of most chemical energy

Aerobic Respiration

-catabolic process

-creates 36-38 ATP per glucose

-redox reactions = transfer electrons from glucose to oxygen

-4 stages=

1. glycolysis

2. Formation of Acetly CoA (1 pyruvate molecule, 1 NADH produced)

3. Cirtic Acid Cycle

4. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis (H atoms transfer from one electron acceptor to another)

Fermentation

-alcohol: in yeast cells

-lactate: some fungi, prokaryotes, and animal cells

Anaerobic Respiration

-electrons transferred from fuel molecules to ETC

-final electron acceptor= inorganic substance

Oxidation of Glucose Equation

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy (36 to 38 ATP)

About this deck

By: Alyssa Resnick
Created: 2011-02-13
Size: 39 flashcards
Views: 109

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj