exam 1, pt d

Transamination- reaction in which an amino acid amino group is transferred to a ketoacid, the ketoacid thus becoming an amino acid; goal is producing an amino acid not found in diet from an amino acid that is found in diet Deamination- reaction in which an amino group from an amino acid is replaced by oxygen to form a keto acid; ATP, byproduct is urea Beta oxidation- series of reactions that generate hydrogen atoms for oxidative phosphorylation from breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl CoA Passive Transport- driven by body heat and environment temp; no ATP; down gradient: greater concentration to lesser concentration Active Transport- requires cellular energy; ATP; lesser concentration to higher concentration Modulated Transport- requires specialized protein, transporter protein Diffusion- movement of molecules from one location to another solely as a result of their random thermal motion Flux- amount of material crossing a surface in a unit of time Net flux- difference between two fluxes; always proceeds from higher concentrations to lower concentrations Equilibrium- fluxes are equal but opposite; net flux is equal to 0 Viscosity- how thick is liquid Permeability- how easy it is to get through membrane Tight Junction- cell junction in which extracellular surfaces of the plasma membrane of two adjacent cells are joined together; etends around epithelial cell and restricts molecule diffusion; regulates paracellular movement Transcellular movement- diffusion through cytosol of an epithelial cell Channel gating- opening and closing ion channels Ligand sensitive channel- membrane channel operated by the binding of specific molecules to channel proteins Mechanosensative channel- membrane ion channel that is opened or closed by deformation or stretch of the plasma membrane; distortion of shape Voltage-gated channel- cell-membrane ion channel opened or closed by changes in membrane potential; change in charge Facilitated diffusion- system using a transporter to move molecules from high to low concentration across a membrane; energy not required; when solute particle binds to protein it changes shape, binding site is exposed to other side of protein Affinity- strength with wich ligand binds to its binding site; how easy it is to bind Active transport- energy requiring system that uses transporters to move ions or molecules across a membrane against an electrochemical differnence Primary active transport- chemical energy is transferred directly from ATP to transporter protein Secondary active transport- energy released during transmembrane movement of one substance from higher to lower concentration is transferred to the simultaneous movement of another substance from lower to higher concentration Cotransport- net movement of actively transported substance and ?downhill? movement of molecule supplying the energy are in the same direction; sodium and transported solute both move in same direction Countertransport- net movemtn of actively transported molecule is in direction opposite ?downhill? movement of molecule supplying the energy; sodium and transport molecule move in opposite idrections