Exam 1 Review Deck (First Lecture + CH.1)

Understanding Self
? Reflected Appraisals - the idea that peoples self-images arise primarily from the ways that others view them and from the many messages they have received from others about who they are
? Social Comparisons ? comparing yourself to other people
? Self-serving bias - Attributing our negative behavior to external causes and our positive behavior to internal

Understanding Others
? Perspective Taking ? perspectives you have of another person
? Empathy - the intellectual identification with or vicarious experiencing of the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of another.
? Cognitive Complexity - a psychological characteristic or psychological variable that indicates how complex or simple is the frame and perceptual skill of a person. A person who measures high on cognitive complexity tends to perceive nuances and subtle differences which a person with a lower measure, indicating a less complex cognitive structure for the task or activity, does not.

? Content Goals ? Goals that involve the content in ones life
? Relationship Goals ? Relationship goals with other people
? Identity Goals ? Goals to change or make your identity

Choose Strategies Wisely
? Is appropriateness or effectiveness (or both) most important to me?
? Which communication strategy will help me achieve my most important goal?
Learning and Adapting
? What was successful? Unsuccessful?
? What might have been more effective?
? What might have been more appropriate?

Communication is transformative
? Makes you More successful at relationship development & maintenance
? Makes you more effective at work
? Improved community participation
? Alter self concept (increase)
? Through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages
? embedded in cultures
? Transactional process:
o When people communicate they act together
o Com. is ongoing, Who people are to each other and their relationships arise out of their interaction

? A PROCESS EMBEDDED IN CULTURE
? Communication a deeply culture process
? Culture refers to learned patterns of perception values and behavior shared by a group of people

? COM IS EMBEDDED IN YOUR CULTURE!!!!!

Symbols rep. something else (and they covey a meaning) (ex. On maps, crossed sabres may indicate a battlefield)

Iconic - signs that acquire their function through similarity to what they signify; a photograph as an iconic sign of the person in the picture.

Indexical ? something beyond the thing you already see. (ex. Smoke means there is a fire)

? Channels
o Face to face
o Text message
o Email
? Noise
o Semantics(the study of meaning), physical psychological, physiological
? Feedback
o Responses to a message

? Linear ( one of the first models developed) one way uni-directional one way
o Speaker-message ,noise, transmit reception, channel -Receiver
? Interactional ( last developed , incorporate a lot of things)
much more complex
? Transactional ( more feedback )
o Added fields of experience( sender and receiver)
o Added culture, individual forces, and societal forces
o Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking
o Decision making & the development of relationships and communities
o We advocate the truthfulness, accuracy, honesty and reason are essential to the integrity of communication

---- Why do we need ethics in our communication
o Because COMMUNICATION IS UNAVOIDABLE
o IRREVERSABLE
o Consequential
o For self?self-concept, self esteem, & identity management
o For others perceptions of the world and of themselves
o For relationships-levels of trust, satisfaction, loyalty future honesty& even existence

? Content Meaning ? the concrete meaning of the message, and the meanings suggested by or associated with the message and the emotions triggered by it

? Relationship Meaning ? what a message conveys about the relationship between parties

? Ethical communication
o Requires that we provide the information?s the others need
In order to make an informed decision
o Benefit & harm
o Does it matter who is harmed?
o Harm of self verses others
o Does it matter what type of harm it is

? Ethical responsibilities of receivers
o Listen mindfully
o Reasoned skepticism
o Healthy feedback
o Social influences

? Others expect our messages to be truthful
? Our messages have consequences, like from sharing or withholding information

Ethics - broadly applied social standards about what is rights or wrong in a particular situation.

Legitimate privacy ? when others have no right to expect access to information

Inappropriate secrecy ? When others might legitimately expect to find information that is withheld.

Absolute ? There is a single correct ethical standard

Relative ? Ethical behavior varies

? Ethical responsibilities of receivers
o Selective attention and retention
o Reasoned skepticism
o We need to be open minded and critical when evaluating others messages

? Ethics of language use
o Name calling
o Jokes
o In group/out group humor

? Authentic comm.
o Open and free from pretense
o Impediments to com
? Topic avoidance
? Meaning denial
? Disqualification