Exam 1 Review

Animal Sciences 415 with Croom, Jim at North Carolina State University

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By: Marianna Ivanov
Created: 2010-12-13
Size: 162 flashcards
Views: 81

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The colon is a major site of glucose, water and electrolyte flux (T or F)

False

NADPH is a cofactor that we usually associate with

anabolism

The type of gastrointestinal tract is a big determinant of many aspects of the animal's metabolism (T or F)

True

Reptiles are ectothermic. They regulate body temperature by:

moving from one environmental temperature to another until their body temperature is ideal

What are the major components of pancreatic fluid?

serous buffering fluids and enzymes

The cells lining pancreatic alveoli are called:

acinar cells

Which segment of the small intestine is populated by the highest percentage of enteroendocrine cells?

duodenum

If an amino acid can be metabolized to form glucose within the body it is said to be

gluconeogenic

What is the bicarbonate concentration in the pancreatic fluid of man?

85 Meq/L

What are the major product(s) of parietal cells produced in the gastric glands?

HCl and intrinsic factor

Which of the following classes of microorganisms cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen at even low concentrations?

anaerobic organisms

Where is the major site of nutrient absorption in most vertebrate species?

jejunum

When a cow is switched to a low fiber diet, one can expect the following changes in the short-chain volatile fatty acid molar ratio and methane production:

decreased acetate, increased propionate, decreased methane

What is the name of the instrument that is used to combust materials to determine their gross energy content?

adiabatic bomb calorimeter

The complete oxidation of one mole of glucose in muscle yields a net of ___ moles of ATP

Which is a respiratory quotient?

CO2 expired/O2 consumed

Where is the major site of fatty acid synthesis in the ruminant?

adipose tissue

What is another name for the enteric nervous system?

little brain

Anabolism is the synthesis of substances during metabolism (T or F)

True

The TCA cycle and the Electron Transport Chain yield how many moles of ATP from the oxidation of one mole of glucose in muscle and liver?

Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells, dispersed throughout the gastrointestinal tract which produce:

both hormones and neurotransmitters

Specific types of enteroendocrine cells are dispersed throughout the gastrointestinal tract in a uniform manner (T or F)

False

Cecal fermentation provides nutritionally significant quantities of protein and vitamins for cattle (T or F)

False

Glycolysis occurs in which portion of the cell?

cytoplasm

The oxidation of one acetyl CoA yields how many ATPs?

Large amounts of protein digestion occur in the stomach or gastric pouch (T or F)

False

The energy used by the body to digest, absorb, transport nutrients in the blood and store excess nutrients is referred to as:

specific dynamic action

What is/are the primary breakdown product(s) of protein?

amino acids

One degree C is equal to

4.2 kj

Which of the following is a key BMR regulator?

thyroxine

Glycogenesis represents which type of metabolic reaction?

anabolic

Which organ(s) is/are key to body fat metabolism

liver plus adipose tissue

Fever can elevate the body's BMR (T or F)

True

In thermal imaging, typically which color scheme is used in the software generated images to denote areas of the body with a hight heat production?

red/yellow

The papillae of the rumen, reticulum, and omasum are lined with a tissue type called

stratified squamous epithelium

What factor determines whether an adipocyte is in a state of lipolysis or lipogenesis?

time post feeding or eating plus the amount of activity by the human or animal

Which of the following digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens?

pepsin and trypsin

Which layer of stratified squamous epithelium is populated by facultative anaerobes?

stratum corneum

Metabolic energy is used for:

tissue synthesis/body secretions, movement, heat production, and maintenance of body temperature

The gall bladder is located under which organ

liver

The rumen, reticulum, and omasum have finger and leaf-like microstructures called:

papillae and leaves

Which cell within the gastric glands secrete HCl?

parietal cell

Which organizational level of the small intestine accounts for the largest amount of intestinal surface area?

microvilli

The basic secretory unit in a salivary gland is call a(n):

secretory endpiece

The electron transport chain is located in which organelle?

mitochondria

Which are the key intermediates yielded by glycolysis in the metabolism of glucose?

pyruvate and acetyl CoA

The interior of the chicken villus stalk contains

arterioles and venules

Pancreatic fluid contains

water, electrolytes, zymogens, amylase, and lipase (all of the answers)

A Calorie (C) is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of pure water 1 degree C between:

14.5 and 15.5 degree C

When ATP is used by an enzyme for energy during a biochemical reaction, what portion of the ATP if left after the reaction?

ADP

Which portion of the colon crosses the abdomen?

the transverse colon

Microbial protein resulting from hindgut gastrointestinal fermentation is only available to animals which practice:

coprophagy

A 440 lb. steer may secrete as much as ____ liters of saliva per day

Which of the following biochemical pathways is/are associated with metabolic energy generation?

glycolysis, pentose-phosphate shunt, beta oxidation, the Kreb's cycle, and the TCA cycle (all of the answers)

The myenteric plexus is clusters of nerves involving which components of the peripheral nervous system?

Both parasympathetic and sympatheticM

Mucous is secreted by the gastric glands to:

protect the epithelial lining of the stomach

Where are the major sites of microbial fermentation in the ruminant digestive tract?

rumen, reticulum, omasum, and cecum

During which metabolic, survival adaptation do some animals reduce their metabolism by as much as 85%

hibernation

Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized within the body using the following reactions:

deamination plus transamination

One feature common to all anabolic reactions is:

they all require energy expenditure

The energy yielded by metabolism of an amino acid is dependent on the TCA metabolite to which it is converted (T or F)

True

In non-ruminants, metabolizable energy is derived from the following formula:

metabolizable energy equals gross energy minus (fecal energy plus urinary energy)

Polymer carbohydrates are broken down into glucose before being metabolized by the body (T or F)

True

What are the major products of parietal cells?

both HCl and intrinsic factorT

he nucleus of an adipocyte of an obese individual is found where within the cell?

pressed up against the plasma membrane

The heat produced per unit of time by an animal or human at rest upon wakening is referred to as:

basal metabolic rate

In non-ruminants, total net energy is derived from the following formula:

net energy equals gross energy minus (fecal energy plus urinary energy plus heat increment)

Fasting or starvation raises the BMR (T or F)

False

At which point on it migration up the villus stalk is an enterocyte fully differentiated

mid-villus

Once into winter hibernation, animals do not awaken until the beginning of spring (T or F)

False

In ruminants, the net energy of gain and lactation is derived from the following formula:

net energy production equals net energy minus net energy maintenance

What is one of the consequences of low bicarbonate concentrations in the pancreatic secretions of ruminants?

lower digesta pH and lower intestinal activity of pancreatic amylase

Which of the following animal(s) has a gastric pouch with nutritionally significant fermentation occurring in the distal gastrointestinal tract?

pig and cow

The complete oxidation of one mole of glucose in the liver has a net yield of ____ moles of ATP

Indirect calorimetry can be used to estimate whether carbohydrate or lipid metabolism accounts for the majority of the heat produced within the body (T or F)

True

Where is/are the major site(s) of fatty acid synthesis in the rat?

liver plus adipose tissue

Apparent energy digestibility estimates do not take into account which of the following factors in mammals?

urinary and gaseous energy

Which of the following would be an example of an autonomic body process?

breathing

A dairy cow consuming adequate amounts of forage may produce as much as ____ moles of acetate per day

20-30

Hibernation and torpor may serve as useful research models for developing methods for:

transplant organ preservation, anesthesia during long and complex surgeries, suspended animation during space travel (all of the answers)

What is the element of the peripheral nervous system that stimualtes the gastrointestinal tract?

parasympathetic

Which of the following components of human energy expenditure is the largest?

basal metabolism

What is the typical shape of an endocrine cell?

flask shaped

Which of the following does not stimulate HCl production from parietal cells?

somatostatin

Hibernating animals have increased rates of metabolic oxidative stress (T or F)

True

Why is the endothermic adaptation for body temperature regulation so metabolically expensive?

it requires regulating internal heat production and controlling heat loss

The folds of tissue within the human stomach are called

rugae

Where does most of the energy originate from nutrients that are combusted?

the carbon/hydrogen bonds

Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones stimulates appetite and increases growth hormone secretion?

ghrelin

The synthesis of a triglyceride is a catabolic reaction (T or F)

False

The parotid salivary gland secretes a ____ type of saliva

serous

During spring migration to the north, humingbirds switch their main source of food from flower nectar to:

tree sap

What are the primary breakdown products of triglycerides?

glycerol and fatty acids

Generally, in non-ruminant herbivores, the extent of gastrointestinal tract microbial fermentation increases as digesta travels:

distally from the mouth

Catabolism is the breakdown of substances during metabolism (T or F)

True

In which species can enterocytes undergo mitosis on the villus tip?

chicken

Which of the following raise the BMR of humans or animals?

heat and cold

Which key cytosolic enzyme is essential for the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose carbon in non-ruminants?

ATP citrate lyase

Which portion of the small intestine is most proximal to the colon

ileum

An RQ of 1.0 is indicative of

primarily carbohydrate metabolism

The TCA Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain yield how many moles of ATP from the oxidation of one mole of glucose in muscle and liver?

Tall people tend to have higher BMRs (T or F)

True

Which of the following scientists first deduced that animal heat results from the combustion of "organic substances" within the body?

Lavoisier

Brown adipose tissue is found in the following individuals:

neonatal humans and adult animals that hibernate

Where are the major site(s) of microbial fermentation in the rabbit?

cecum

Which of the following animal(s) use hibernation as a survival metabolic adaptation practice over the winter months?

ground squirrel and bear

What are the two major types of digestion within the gastrointestinal tract of animals?

host animal and microbial

Polymer carbohydrates are broken down into glucose before being metabolized by the body (T or F)

True

Where is the major site of nutrient absorption in most vertebrate species?

jejunum

In a bomb calorimeter, feedstuffs/foods are combusted in a _____ environment

pure O2

Where does most of the energy originate from nutrients that are combusted?

the carbon/hydrogen bonds

The most viable layer of stratified squamous epithelium is the

stratum basale

The gastric pouch of the ruminant gastrointestinal tract is called

the abomasum

One watt is equal to

1 joule/sec

New enterocytes are produced as stem cells in the ____ differentiate as they move up the villus stalk

Cypts of Lieberkuhn

Which segment of the small intestine is populated by the highest percentage of enteroendocrine cells?

duodenum

Cleavage of the terminal ATP yields _____ calories

8000

In the human stomach, the portion that is proximal to the duodenum is called:

the pylorus

The type of gastrointestinal tract is a big determinant of many aspects of the animal's metabolism (T or F)

True

Which of the following scientists was the first to use a crude form of direct calorimetry?

Lavoisier

Some species of protozoa have cilia covering their entire outer surface (T or F)

True

Resting metabolic rate is the term more commonly used to refer to human energy expenditures (T or F)

True

The entire surface area of the small intestine is roughly equal to the size of a

tennis court

The basal metabolic rate accounts for what percentage of total energy expenditures in humans?

approx. 66

Name the connective tissue that attaches the duodenum to the body wall

the ligament of Treitz

In fish, metabolizable energy is calculated by the following formula

metabolizable energy equals gross energy minus (fecal energy plus urinary energy plus gill excretion energy)

Body heat production is directly proportional to

skin surface area when expressed to the 3/4 power

Ruminal protozoa protein can serve as a major protein source for ruminants (T or F)

False

What ultimately determines the type of gastrointestinal tract that evolves within an animal?

type of food source available

In non-ruminants, metabolizable energy is derived from the following formula

metabolizable energy equals gross energy minus (fecal energy plus urinary energy)

Which of the following is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide?

NADH

Which of the following type(s) of nutrient absorption within the intestinal tract does not require energy?

facilitated and passive

During torpor, animals can reduce their metabolism by as much as _____ during nightly resting

20%-30%

Protein synthesis occurs in/on which organelle

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following scientists first properly describes combustion and refuted the age-old phlogiston theory of combustion?

Lavoisier

Which layer of stratified squamous epithelium is populated by facultative anaerobes

stratum corneum

During hibernation, which of the following nutrients serve as the main source of energy for the animal?

lipids

Resting metabolic rate in humans refers to the metabolic rate:

at normal activity levels, such as sitting in a chair

What is generally achnowledged as the major neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system

acetylcholine

What is the element of the peripheral nervous system that stimulates the gastrointestinal tract?

parasympathetic

What is one of the consequences of low bicarbonate concentrations in the pancreatic secretions of ruminants?

lower digesta pH and lower intestinal activity of pancreatic amylase

Which is an example of an active nutrient transporter within the intestinal epithelium?

SGLT1

Saliva plays a major role in starch and lipid digestion in most species (T or F)

False

Larger animals give off less heat per unit of unadjusted body size than smaller animals (T or F)

False

Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells, dispersed throughout the gastrointestinal tract which produce:

hormones and neurotransmitters

In non-ruminants, total net energy is derived from the following formula:

net energy equals gross energy minus (fecal energy plus urinary energy plus heat increment)

In ruminants, metabolizable energy is derived from the following formula:

metabolizable energy equals gross energy minus (fecal energy plus urinary energy plus gaseous energy)

One C is equal to

1000 c

Basal metabolic rate refers to the metabolic rate:

when an animal is at rest, upon awakening, and includes the energy expended in autonomic processes

What are the major end-products of ruminal fermentation?

acetate, propionate, butyrate, CO2, CH4, H+, water soluble vitamins and microbial protein

The synthesis of a triglyceride is a catabolic reaction (T or F)

False

The colon is a major site of glucose, water, and electrolyte flux (T or F)

False

About this deck

By: Marianna Ivanov
Created: 2010-12-13
Size: 162 flashcards
Views: 81

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis