Exam 1

mental disorder

a group of emotional, cognitive and behavioral symptoms that cause distress or significant problems.

abnormal psychology

the scientific study of trouble-some feelings, thoughts and behaviors associated with mental diorders

criteria for being abnormal

deviance from the norm, difficulties adapting to life's demands and experience of personal distress.

maladaptive behavior

interferes with a persons life, including ability to care for ones self, have good relationships with others and function well at school or work.

psychopathologists

study mental problems to see how disorders develop and continue and how they can be prevented and alleviated.

deviance from the norm

advantages: we use our own judgement or gut feeling, once statistical or objective cutoff scores are established they are easy to apply

deviance from the norm

limitations: different cultures have different ideas about what normal is, statistically deviant behaviors may be valued (high intelligence), arbitrary cutoffs (is a score fo 80 much different then a score of 81?)

difficulty adapting to lifes demands

advantages: typically easy to observe if someone is having difficulty, often prompts people to seek psychological treatment.

difficulty adapting to lifes demands

limitations: unclear who determines impairment or whether a consensus about impairment is required, thresholds for impairment not always clear

experience of personal distress

advantages: hallmark of many forms of mental disorders, individuals may be able to accurately report this.

experience of personal distress

limitations: some psychological problems are not associated with distress, thresholds or cutoffs for distress are not always clear.

Early theoreticians

They thought you could be possessed by a demon. So how do you treat someone who has a demon problem? Exorcism, drill a hole into someone’s brain (you don’t want it to be a nice place for the demon to live), therapeutic environments, healthy diets, exercise, massage, education, relics, prayer, holy objects, pilgrimages, confinement.

greek and roman thought

therapeutic environments, healthy diets, exercise, massage, education: these would all fix mental disorders.

middle ages

prayer, holy objects, pilgrimages, confinement

renaissance

secluding them from the rest of society, chaining people up to keep them away from other people. asylums, paracelus introduced the notion of psychic or mental causes for abnormal behavior and introduced hypnosis.

reform movement

Some woman said that the mentally ill should be treated right like in hospitals and stuff. so they attempted to create better hospitals and shit.

mental hygiene

the science of promoting mental health and thwarting mental disorder through education, early treatment and public health measures.

dimensional perspective

everyone has the same emotions/thoughts essentially, everyone just experiences different degrees of those emotions and when they get bad thats when you might have abnormal behavior or a mental disorder

public health model

focuses on promoting good health and good health practices to avert disease.

prevention perspective

focusing on promoting good mental and physical health and being educated on it and being aware so you cant catch it early on and prevent mental disorders.

primary prevention

targeting large groups of people who have not yet developed a mental disorder.

secondary prevention

involves addressing emerging problems while they are still manageable and before they come resistant to intervention.

tertiary prevention

involves reducing the severity, duration and negative effect of a mental disorder after it has occurred.

consumer perspective

becoming a more informed consumer of scientific info on mental health that is often presented in the public press. and to be able to apply research based info to your own life

stigma

characterization by others of disgrace or reproach based on an individual characteristic.

structural stigma

when government or other institutional policies negatively affect opportunities for people who may be seen as threatening or less deserving of support.

public stigma

the general disgrace the public confers on people with mental disorder that can result in prejudice stereotyping and discrimination.

self stigma

disgrace people assign themselves because of public stigma.

education, promoting personal contact

stigma can be fought in two key words: ____ and ____

models

ways of looking at things, to piece together why someone has problems

five main models

biological model, psychodynamic model, humanistic model, cognitive-behavioral model, sociocultural model

biological model

rest on the assumption that mental states, emotions and behaviors arise from brain function and other physical processes.

emil kraepelin

biological model was introduced by ____. she noticed various syndromes or clusters of syndromes in people. she also believed that syndroms and symptoms have biological.

kraeplin proposed

two different types of mental disorders, dementia praecox (like schizophrenia) and manic-depressive psychosis (like bi polar). biological model.

separate

kraeplin also believed syndroms to be ____. biological model.

genotype

genetic composition of people and is fixed at birth like eye color.

cant change over time. biological model.

phenotype

an observable characteristic of a person that an change over time. biological model.

behavior genetics

scientists study which genetic and environmental influences impact the development of emotions, cognitions and behavior. biological model.

heritability

he amount of variation in a phenotype attributed to genetic factors. biological model.

molecular genetics

analyzing DNA to identify associations between specific genes and mental disorders. biological model.

central nervous system

includes brian and spinal cord. biological model.

central nervous system

responsible for processing information from our sensory organs such as eyes and ears and prompting the body into motion.

peripheral nervous system

helps control muscles and voluntary movement, regulates the cardiovascular and endocrine systems, assists with digestion and adjusts body temp.

neurons

nerve cells. four major components: cell body, dendrites, one or more axons and terminal buttons

synapse

small gap between neurons. neurotransmitters go through these.

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that allow info to cross the synapse. this is how neurons communicate with each other.

reuptake

an un used neurotransmitters that went into the synapse, its re absorbed and recycled in this process

cerebral cortex

this covers much of each hemisphere and is responsible for consciousness, memory attention and other high order areas of human functioning.

frontal lobe

front portion of the brain and has important functions such as movement, planning and organization, inhibiting behavior or responses and decision making.

parietal lobe

behind the frontal lobe, associated with touch.

temporal lobe

at the base of the brain, associated with hearing and memory.

occipital lobe

behind parietal and temporal lobes, associated with vision.

psychodynamic model

focuses on internal mental structures. comes from the freudian theory that assumes that mental states, emotions and behaviors arise from motives and conflicts within a person.

intrapsychic

psychologica dynamics that occur within a persons mind. often used with the psychodynamic model.

psychodynamic model principal

childhood experiences shape adulthood personality. psychodynamic model.

psychodynamic model principal

causes and purposes of human behavior are not always obvious by partly unconscious. psychodynamic model.

unconscious motivation

hidden realms of emotion, thought and behavior may also affect motives that cause us to act in a certain way. psychodynamic model.

psychodynamic principal

people use defense mechanisms to control anxiety or stress. psychodynamic model.

defense mechanisms

strategies to cop with anxiety or stressors such as conflit with others. psychodynamic model.

psychic determinism

psychodynamic model principal: everything we do has meaning and purpose and is goal-oriented

structure of the mind

major component of the psychodynamic model

id

portion of personality that is present at birth. purpose is to seem immediate gratification and discharge tension as soon as possible. psychodynamic model.

pleasure principal

the id propels us to meet demands of hunger, thirst, aggression or sexual or physical pleasure as soon as possible. psychodynamic model.

primary process

form of thinking, if gratification is not immediate-this involves manufacturing a fantasy or mental image of whatever lessons the tension. psychodynamic model.

ego

an organized, rational system that uses higher order thinking processes to obtain gratification. its the executive of the personality. psychodynamic model.

reality principal

need to delay gratification of impulses to meet environmental demands. psychodynamic model.

secondary process

involves learning, perception, memory, planning judgement and other higher order thinking processes to plan a workable strategy. psychodynamic model.

superego

develops in early childhood and represents societal ideals and values conveyed by parents through rewards and punishments. ones sense of right and wrong. punishment becomes part of ones conscience and rewards become part of ones ego ideal. psychodynamic model.

psychosexual stages

freud developed this. these occur early in life and are marked by erogenous zones, or areas of the body through which hedonistic id impulses are expressed. psychodynamic model.

psychosexual stages

severe difficulties experienced by a child at a psychosexual stage may be expressed later in life as symptoms of mental disorder. psychodynamic model.

fixation

delayed psychosexual development

oral stage

0-6 months.

anal stage

6 months-3 years

phallic stage

3-7 years. sexual organs become prime source of gratification.

latency stage

5-12 years. lack of overt sexuality or interest

genital stage

12 years to adulthood. mature expression of sexuality

reaction formation

an unconscious impulse is consciously expressed by its behavioral opposite. psychodynamic model.

projective hypothesis

an assumption that people project unconscious needs and conflicts onto ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots. psychodynamic model.

free association

asking a client to say whatever comes to mind during the session, without exercising censorship or restraint. psychodynamic model.

manifest content

what actually happens during the dream. psychodynamic model.

latent content

a dreams symbolic or unconscious meaning. psychodynamic model.

insight

understanding the unconscious determinants of irrational feelings, thoughts or behaviors that create problems or distress. psychodynamic model.

transference

occurs when a client reacts to a therapist as if the later is an important figure from childhood. psychodynamic model.

humanistic model

emphasizes human growth, choice and responsibility. people are naturally good and strive for personal growth and fulfillment. humans have choices and are responsible for their own fate

phenomenological approach

an assumption that ones behavior is determined by perceptions of herself nad others. humanistic model.

abraham maslow

humanistic model. hierarchy of needs

maslows hierarchy of needs

physiological (food, water, sleep, survival), safety/security (economic, freedom from threats), social (belonging, acceptance), ego (important projects, recognition from others), self-actualization 9the best one can be) humanistic model.

carl rogers

humanistic model. expanded on maslows beliefs. believed in self concept (one feels differentiated from others in a positive way)

conditional positive regard

carl rogers. an environment in which others set the conditions or standards for ones life. humanistic model.

unconditional positive regard

en environment in which a person is fully accepted as she is and allowed to pursue her own desires and goals. carl rogers. humanistic model.

client-centered therapy

relies heavily on unconditional positive regard and empathy. humanistic model.

rollo may

humanistic psychology. existential psychology heavily based on the concept of authenticity: how closely one adheres to ones personality. humanistic model.

existential theorists

believe people are alone in the world and may develop a sense of meaninglessness. humanistic model.

humanistic assessment and treatment

qualitative model: focuses on unique characteristics of a person and often includes general questions about ones perception of the world. humanistic model.

non directive therapy

humanistic. therapist doesn't tell you what to do, they ask you questions to figure out what the problems are and help you realize and help you to come to self actualization. humanistic model.

humanistic model strengths

optimistic, focuses on human choice and growth. tied to contemporary positive psychology (study of what factors allow people to thrive in their environments). humanistic model.

humanistic model treatment

some medication. they also feel that people need to take responsibility for their recovery. humanistic model.

cognitive behavioral model

behavioral focuses on external acts while cognitive focuses on internal thoughts

behavioral perspective

focuses on environmental stimuli and behavioral responses-variables that can be directly observed and measured. thinks that all behavior is learned. cognitive behavioral model.

ivan pavlov

he initially studied classical conditioning with dogs and salvation. cognitive behavioral model

classical conditioning

learning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (bell) is paired with an unconditional stimulus (meat powder) so future presentations of the CS will result in a conditioned response (salvation). cognitive behavioral model.

operant conditioning

behavior followed by positive or pleasurable consequences will likely be repeated but behavior followed by negative consequences such as punishment will not likely be repeated. cognitive behavioral model.

positive reinforcement

giving something good after a behavior. increases the chances behavior will be repeated.

negative reinforcement

taking away something bad. increases the chances the behavior will be repeated.

cognitive perspective

arose from the behavioral perspective because people often behave in ways that have little to do with reinforcement.

cognitive schemas

beliefs or expectations that represent a network of accumulated knowledge. cognitive behavioral model.

cognitive distortions

irrational, inaccurate thoughts people have about environmental events. cognitive behavioral model.

cognitive distortions

cognitive behavioral model. arbitrary inference: reaching a conclusion based on little evidence. and personalization: erroneously blaming oneself for events.

cognitive behavioral model.

learning principals and cognitions interact to influence a persons behavior.

modeling

cognitive behavioral model. learning by imitating and observing others. aka vicarious conditioning.

avoidance conditioning

comines classical and operant conditioning and accommodates internal states like fear or pain as a driving or motivating factor that influences behavior. cognitive behavioral model.

functional analysis

cognitive behavioral model. evaluating antecedents and consequences of behavior, or what preceded and followed certain behaviors. you do this by observing someone.

cognitive behavioral therapy

a large collection of treatment techniques to change patterns of thinking and behaving that contribute to a persons problems.

rational restructuring

people sometimes perceive their world and make assumptions in ways that lead to problematic behavior. cognitive behavioral model.

systematic desensitization

cognitive behavioral model. approach used to treat anxiety related concerns. client first relaxes. then they construct a hierarchy of situations or objects related to the feared stimulus then approach each level one at a time. cognitive behavioral model.

exposure model

key element of systematic decentralization. it involves directly confronting a feared stimulus. this can be done gradually or, the case of flooding, the client is immediately exposed to the stimulus. cognitive behavioral model.

token economy

cognitive behavioral model. a reinforcement system for certain behaviors in which tokens or points are given for positive behaviors and exchanged later for tangible rewards.

sociocultural perspective

outside sources play a major role in creating a persons psychological problem. places a greater influence on outside factors.

culture

the unique behavior and lifestyle shared by a group of people

ethnicity

clusters of people who share cultural traits and who use those traits to distinguish themselves from others.

culture bound syndromes

culturally shared beliefs and ideas can lead to particular forms of stress that in turn lead to ____

culture

____ can help cause mental disorder but can also influence how people cope with it. like family suicide. can also influence mental disorders by shaping the content of symptoms.

gender identity

one's awareness of being male or female, it is influenced by parenting style and interactions with others.

family systems perspective

assumes each family to have its own rules and organizational structure, or hierarchy of authority and decision making

inflexible families

overly rigid and dont adapt well to changes within or outside the family

disengaged families

family members who operate independently from one another with little parental supervision.

triangular relationships

situations where parents avoid talking about shit by always having their children in convos.

family environment

features of family functioning. like, family affect: the degree to which a family is cohesive, organized and free of conflict, family activity: the degree to which families engage in cultural, recreational or religious activities together, family control: the degree to which a family is flexible when adapting to new sitautions

expressed emotion

the degree to which family interactions are marked by emotional over involvement, hostility and criticism.

diathesis

biological or psychological predisposition to disorder. they are often genetic or biological, but some are psychological

diathesis stress model

a combo of predisposition and stress produces psychological problems.

etiology

cause of mental disorders

risk factors

diathesis' or vulnerabilities are ____ for mental disorders

diathesis

a combo of stress and ____ produces mental disorders.

diathesis

can influence perception and experience of stress as well as life course and choice of experiences

epidemiology

the study of patterns of disease or disorder in the general population.

epidemiologists

often focus on incidence and prevalence or mental disorder.

incidence

new cases of a mental disorder within a specific time period such as a month or year

prevalence

refers to all cases of a mental disorder, new and existing cases, within a time period

life time prevalence

proportion of those who have had a mental disorder at any time in your life

national comorbidity survey replication

representative, community based survey of about 10,000 people aged 18 years and older. it included structured interviews to assess people for major mental disorders

comorbidity

refers to the presence of two or more disorders in a person and is a significant concern for mental health professionals.

cohort effects

significant differences in disorder expression depending on demographic features such as age or gender.

anxiety, mood and substance use

disorders are especially common.

risk factor

an individual or environmental characteristic the precedes a mental disorder and is correlated with that disorder

individual risk factors

genetic predisposition, low birth weight and premature birth, neuropsychological deficits, language disabilities, etc

family risk factors

severe marital discord, overcrowding or large family size, paternal criminality, maternal mental disorder and admission to foster care.

community/social risk factors

violence, poverty, community disorganization, racism, sexism, inadequate schools, etc.

protective factors

the opposite of risk factors. can be biological social or psychological.

resilience

ability to withstand and rise above extreme adversity.

prevention

thwarting the development of later problems and may be more efficient and effective than individual treatment after mental disorder occurs.

prevention, treatment, maintenance

____ occurs before a disorder develops, ____ occurs before a disorder develops and ____ occur long after a disorder has developed for people whos symptoms require on going attention

primary prevention

purest form of prevention, an intervention is given to people with no signs of a disorder

universal prevention

large groups of people not affected by a particular problem are targeted to reduce new cases of a disorder. this targets everyone. like warning against drug abuse.

secondary prevention

addressing problems while they are manageable and before they are more resistant to treatment

selective prevention

people at risk for a particular problem are targeted

tertiary prevention

reducing the duration and further negative effects of a mental disorder after onset. goal is to stabilize symptoms.

indicated prevention

targets individuals who are at very high risk for developing extensive problems in the future. unlike tertiary, these people have not yet developed a full blown mental disorder.

social norming

promoting responsible decision making and providing accurate info about how much alcohol is consumed by college students

signs of suicide

school based prevention program with two main componets: eductional (with videos and stuff) and ACT if you think a peer is suicidal (Acknowledge the signs, let the person know you Care and Tell a responsible adult.)

categorical approach

a large class of frequently observed syndromes composed of abnormal behaviors or features that occur in a person

diagnosis

rules that outline how many and what features of a mental disorder must be present

continuum

we can best view abnormal behavior along a ____.

DSM-IV-TR

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorderss

syndrome

mental disorder or diagnosis. includes a group of abnormal behaviors or number of symptoms associated with distress, significant work or interpersonal problems or likelihood of future problems.

advantages of diagnosis

communication (a shit ton of info can be conveyed in a single term), standard rules are provided for defining mental disorders, clinicians can find useful assessment strategies because everyone uses the same system

classification

arranging mental disorders into broad categories or classes based on similar features.

axis 1

major clinical disorders that often emerge and end in the life cycle. like anxiety, mood, eating, substance abuse etc.

axis 2

disorders that are more lifelong in nature. like personality disorders and mental retardation

axis 3

current medical conditions relevant to treating or understanding a persons axis 1 or axis 2 disorder.

axis 4

highlights psychosocial and environmental problems relevant to diagnosis, treatment and outcome.

axis 5

involves a quantitive estimate of a persons overall level of functioning.

clinical assessment

evaluating a persons strengths and weaknesses and understanding the problem at hand to develop a treatment

reliability

consistency of scores or responses.

test re-test reliability

the extent to which a person provides similar answers to the same test items over time.

interrater reliability

the extent to which to raters or observers agree about their ratings or judgements of a persons behavior

internal consistency reliability

refers to whether items on a test appear to be measuring the same thing.

validity

the extent to which an assessment technique measures what it is supposed to measure

content validity

the degree to which test or interview items actually cover aspects of the variable or diagnosis under study

predictive validity

refers to whether test or interview results accurately predict some future behavior or event.

con-current validity

refers to whether current test or interview results relate to an important present feature or characteristic.

construct validity

refers to whether test or interview results relate to other measures or behaviors in a logical, theoretical expected fshion

standardization

refers to administering or conducting assessment measures in the same way for everyone.

interview

is the most common assessment technique and is used to solicite a wide range of info about mental disorders

unstructured interviews

allow an interviewer to ask any questions that comes to mind in any order.

structured interview

require an interviewer to ask standardized questions in specified sequence

intelligence tests

most common form of clinical assessment after the interview. it assess cognition functioning and provides estimates of a persons intellectual ability.

personality assessment

instruments that measure different traits or aspects of our character

objective personality measures

involve administering a standard set of questions or statements to which a person responds using set options

validity scales

help us understand someone's motives and test-taking attitudes

projective tests

based on the assumption that people faced with an ambiguous stimulus such as an inkblot with project their own needs, personality and conflicts.

rorschach

a projective test. consists of 10 inkblot cards that are symmetrical from right to left

thematic apperception test

projective test. it assesses motivations and interpersonal style. it consists of a series of pictures on cards, typically people in different situations but sometimes just objects, and the client has to say what the people are doing in the picture and what they will do in the future.

behavioral assessment

is to measure overt behaviors or responses shown by a person. they might observe the person in a certain situation.

behavioral assessment

involve a functional analysis of behavior which is understanding the antecedents (what precedes a behavior) and the consequences of the behavior.

organismic variables

a persons physiological or cognitive characteristics that may help the therapist understand a problem and determine treatment. for example: worrying about something or certain cognitions

naturalistic observation

a client is directly observed in their natural environment

controlled observation

more practical and less expensive form of observation and involves analoge tests. these tests replicate situations people face in real life and that may elicit a certain problem behavior

self monitoring

a person observes and records his own emotions, thoughts and behaviors.

biological assessment

medical tests for examining general central nervous system dysfunction, brina imaging techniques, CT scan, MRI,

neurochemical assessment

biological assessment of dysfunctions in specific neurotransmitter systems

psychophysiological assessment

evaluating bodily changes possibly associated with certain mental conditions

neuropsychological assessment

indirect measures of brain physical function. noninvasive method of evaluating brain function via ones performance on standardized tests and tasks that indicate brain behavior relationships

Exam 1

Psychology 2510 with Trull at University of Missouri- Columbia

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