Exam 1

History 107 with Mccarthy at Illinois State University

About this deck

By: Allison Schmidt
Textbook:

A Doll's House

Maus II: A Survivor's Tale: And Here My Troubles Began

Maus: My Father Bleeds History Pt. 1: A Survivor's Tale (Penguin Graphic Fiction)

The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes (New York Review Books Classics)
Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics and Society Volume 1, Special Eighth (8th) Edition with History of China from Pre-Modern East Asia: to 1800, a Cultural, Social and Political History, Second (2nd) Edition

Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society
Created: 2012-02-11
Size: 55 flashcards
Views: 71

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What is the "Great Chain of Being"?

The great chain of being is a social ranking based on birth status and how “close you are to god. Goes god, priests / clergy, nobles and then peasants, all about the privileges and obligations you have in your standing

What are the social orders in rural and in urban society?

Priest, clergy, rural nobles, urban elite, Urban guilds and members, rural peasants, urban poor

What are the obligations and privileges of priest/clergy

own large lands with serfs, make laws, own courts, don’t pay taxes, entrusted with spiritual wellbeing, give money to king, no inheriting or passing down

what are the obligations and privileges of rural nobles

own large lands with serfs, make arms/ military, make laws, own courts, collect and deliver taxes, pay taxes, allowed to pass down land etc.,

what are the obligations and privileges of rural peasants

allowed to petition to king if feeling like treatment is unjust, use commons, must pay taxes, do long term military service, work for lords, pay fees to the lords

what are the obligations and privileges of urban elites

own land, don’t have to serve in the military, can buy noble title, monopoly’s encouraged, subject to the laws, support the parish, help urban poor

what are the obligations and privileges of urban guilds and members

set prices and quality and supply of goods, lots of rules and taxes

What are the obligations and privileges of urban poor

get food, clothes, shelter from parish if you’re in your home town, begging license etc

how does the great chain of being justify social inequality

You can’t move up socially because it is where you are born and your birth = how close you are to god

what kind of state (government) characterizes medieval europe

Feudal and militant, unstable, decentralized, and lots of problems, feudal state means war lords own chuncks of land and have soldiers that are loyal to them, local army = political power, Knights = military power

what makes kings and their governments so unstable

Decentralized power is unstable too spread out and hard to control

what is vassalage and what is its role in politics

A person who swears an allegiance to a lord for protection gives the lord power because they can use the vassal as they choose

where is the most wealth created in Europe

Land- rural areas 98% live there, no one/ nothing in the cities “rent”

who creates the wealth and how?

The serfs and peasants by working the land, no currency if you own land you are wealthy pay in service and food = “rent”

who benefits from the wealth and why

The land owners because they make the rules and the money always have food etc

why don't rural producers try to maximize profits

No need, it’s a subsistence time period, you need what you need to survive, you have incentive to work with others in case of drought, natural disasters etc. so everyone survives

How does the Roman Catholic church provide unity in Europe?

Everyone is catholic so it gives a connection to everyone, something they can share

What is the contradiction in the Catholic Churches political and spiritual roles

As the church got more and more political the less spiritual it got and the more corrupt it got, selling indulgences etc. there was no real political community it was all in the church

What Catholic practices did Luther want to reform

Pluralism (people buying more than one office), the selling of indulgences, sacraments not in the bible (only keeps baptism and communion), doesn’t need to have popes and bishops, allow divorce and remarriage, clergy allowed to marry

why did the catholic church reject Luther's criticisms

It undermined the popes authority, they wanted sacraments but really the #1 reason is because it embarrassed the pope, his authority and their structure

What were the characteristics of Luther’s church and how did they differ from the Catholic Church?

Priesthood of all believers, primacy of the word, voluntary participation, individual relationship with god, congressional church and service in peoples languages

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation

the council of Trent, reform the catholic church: Banns pluralism and that's about it, revival of Catholicism, many protestants change back to catholic,

What political circumstances allowed Martin Luther to survive excommunication?

He was helped by german princes, specifically the elector of Saxony (controlled the hapsburg dynasty, 40 ish % of Europe) who wanted his style of religion

What unintended consequences did the Reformation have for European politics, secular political power and the “middling orders”?

Permanent division of Christianity and therefore Europe, Church makes Counter reformation, pope didn’t really want to because it undermined his authority, ended up ending pluralism but everything else was the same, it revives Catholicism,

counter reformation

Spanish Loyola creates Jesuits = backbone of counter reformation, Catholics stop some corruption. inquisition goes where Catholics are Heretics were imprisoned/killed, scares people to going to church, permanent division. reform, renew, repress

how did Europeans in the late medieval and early modern periods cope with scarcity, inequality, and uncertainty

became militaristic, wars = famine

what role does religion play (pop culture)

people identified themselves with their religion and the parish from their home town, each was different and contributed to the local culture and festivals and traditions, people also though magic and religion were one in the same, common miracles

what role did feasts and festivals play

carnival is a good example to think of, expressions of desire, allowed to let loose and "turn the world upside down" food, sex, violence and insubordination.

what were the main characteristics of the traditional village economy (manorial systems)

maximum security, and self sufficiency, no social mobility, 2/3 crops fail so must work together, social relations based on co-op, no individual decisions, common proprieties, few improvements in farming

how did enclosure affect how villagers made their living

traditional village economy undermined, cottagers loose economic autonomy wage labor market created, people worked in their houses, were brought one step of the process and passed it on get paid that way quality of goods goes down but so does prices

creation of preconditions of capitalism

large population dependent on wage labor, private ownership of lands and assets, state selected monopoly's so you had to have connections

how do guilds limit market competition and promote members wages and security

monopoly, reduce risk, maximize security, regulate production and quality, not out to make profit, accept/ deny members as they choose = economic power

how do merchants use the putting out system to undermine power of the guilds

cottagers have large mass market so creates demand for cheap clothes, unskilled cottagers need jobs so make cheap textiles for the high demand rural areas, guilds make sm scale luxury items no one can afford, no guild regulations, no costly training

how did slavery and the demand for sugar spur the growth of capitalism

Spanish bring slaves from Africa to the Caribbean to make suggar to send to europe, people really want it = economic growth, new trade networks, profits

explain the development of absolutest monarchy in France

centralized, permanent army, make nobles loyal, permanent bureucracy to get taxes for army, subordinate church, strongest base of noble power- army and fortified cities, king subdues them all

what traditional strengths and privileges allowed french aristocrats to enjoy tremendous autonomy before the bourbon kings ascended the throne

army's, fortified cities, local interests observed loyal servants land, money

how did the bourbons use the roman catholic church to increase the power of the monarch

Henry IV becomes catholic because 80% of france is but lets the hugenots do what they want (edict of nantes)

how did aristocrats resist the centralization of France, and what was the result

the Fonde- rebellions because they don't like taxes

Result: Louis the 14th kicks out Mazarin his cardinal ends the rebellion and brings nobles into Paris and humiliates them disbonds private armys

how sis the bourbons subdue the french aristocrats and integrate them into the french state

brought them all to Versailles, took away from power, paid them to do nothing

characteristics of a medieval state

great chain of being, military based states, dominated by lord - economy, decentralized unified by the catholic church,

what are the essential characteristics of a centralized state

centralized power (brought together) national armys national laws, dynasty, subordinate church,

essential characteristics of absolutist states

uniform laws, single market economy, permanent bureaucracy, more trade

what traditional strengths and privileges allowed the British aristocracy that accounted for their power and influence

parliament has to approve changes in taxes no written constitution though just tradition, strong religious beliefs that were divided,

what role did parliament play in the conflict the Stuart drive to create an absolutist state in Britain

parliament doesn't like him, he wants to raise more money so wants to changes taxes but has to be approved by the parliament and they don't let him, some people want absolutism and some don't = war house of lords vs. house of commons also on religion

how did divisions in the Anglican church figure into the conflict between the king and parliament

some want episcopal church (king James, Anglicans, house of lords), others want congregational (puritans, middle class, house of commons), congregational is a threat to James's power

what was the outcome of the British civil war

Pro-absolutist vs. anti-absolutist = Oliver Cromwell leads the Puritan army and defeats Charles 1 who is killed for treason, abolish Anglican church, only house of commons, becomes a puritan republic lead by Cromwell

what happened that the monarchy was re introduced after the civil war in Britain 1689

Cromwell is leading and disbands parliament, he is somewhat a military dictator and dies in 1658 people want a monarchy back = king Charles ii 1660 puts back parliament but people are scared because he is catholic, James ii gets power

what happened that the monarchy was re introduced after the civil war in Britain 1689 part 2

James ii divides parliament into Whigs (rich, non catholic) and torries (support James and catholic) James messes stuff up for a while and people call for a joint monarch = William and Mary- limit power, no messing with parliament, James in France.

notes on Martin Luther

terrified about going to hell, people are sinful, and god has to save you based on faith alone and doing good works don't matter, hated pluralism and indulgences, 95 grievances printed and circulated wants priesthood of all believers, emphasis preach

Luther part 2

diet of worms says Luther is a heretic and excommunicates him wide spread of belief of Lutheranism around the Hapsburg dynasty Catholics do council of Trent and stop pluralism

Henry 8

hates Luther and was obsessed with the tudor dynasty he was married to spanish princess who couldn't have a boy heir, splits connection w/ RCC to get divorced, decided the act of supremacy to control british church, his daughter is Mary

Mary (bloody Mary)

Henry 8 daughter with the spanish princess, catholic and bitter, kills a boat load of people who sided with her dad

Henry iv

bourbon dynasty- protestant and defeats the catholic coalition but wants peace in france so he becomes catholic edict of nantes, Henry is not an absolutest

louis xiii and cardinal richelieu

with cardinal consolidates bourbon control and crushes peasants gets rid of hugenots, sells offices kills people if disloyal, increases the role of church

louis xiv cardinal mazarin (sun king)

the fronde, revokes the edict of nantes, makes versailles and makes all the nobles live there with him takes away their power for himself