Exam 1

Psychology 201 with Lewis at Oregon State University

About this deck

By: Courtney Wilson
Textbook:

Psychology: Making Connections
Created: 2012-04-22
Size: 81 flashcards
Views: 18

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organ system

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

Types of Tissue

-epithelial:linings
-connective:matrix (structure)
-muscle: movement
-nervous: communication

Organelles ('Organs of cells')

structure with in cells carrying out specific functions

Plasma membrane and organelles maintain __________

homeostasis

Organelle Functions:
Nucleus

often called the "brain" or "control center" of the cell, contains chromosomal DNA and a nucleolus

Organelle Functions:
Mitochondrion

often called the 'powerhouse' of the cell, where respiration produces ATP, and energy-rich substance

Organelle Functions:
Endoplasmic
Reticulum

transports materials, and is the site of attachment for ribosomes, structures involved in building chains of amino acids

Organelle Functions:
Golgi Complex

processes proteins and other molecules and directs them to where they need to go

Organelle Functions:
Lysosome

has enzymes that degrade bacteria, old organelles, and other unwanted substances

Organelle Functions:
Vesicle

contains substances that cell produces (like hormones, enzymes, and wast products) and secretes them at the plasma membrane.

Cellular Membrane
Receptor Proteins

receive messages, such as hormones, from outside the cell and trigger chemical changes, inside the cell

Cellular Membrane:
Marker Proteins

allow the immune system to recognize cells that 'belong' to the body and select foreign cells which may enter the body

Cellular Membrane:
Transport Proteins

these proteins control the movement of substances through the cell membrane

Homeostasis

maintaing a relatively stable internal environment

Basic functions of the Integumentay System

-protection
-gripping
-vitamin D synthesis
-temperature regulation
-sensation
-sensory neurons: receive information

Changes in the Integumentary System over time

-puberty
-drier skin, hair, and nails (reduce oil production)
-hair and skin color changes
-melanin reduces & replaced w/colorless air
bubbles
-wrinkles

Skin Disorders
Integumentary
System

-scratches & rashes (inflammation)
-scar (collagen tightly fills space)
-burns
-first degree- epidermis only
-second degree- epidermis & dermis
-third degree- through to the hypodermis
-increased MRSA infection

Three Layers of Integumentary System

-epidermis
-dermis
-hypodermis

Fertilized Egg

large egg has adequate organeels and nutrients to support rapid mitosis (cell division) once fertilized by the sperm

Sperm

small head contains the DNA, and whip-like tail projects the sperm through fluid as it seeks the egg

Skeletal Muscle cell

long tube-like cells have smaller myofibrils that contract and relax, altering the length of the cells and resulting in movement

Neuron (nerve cell)

numerous hair-like dendrites and a long axon connect cells together for intricate communication

Fat cell

cells can swell in size to stofe additional fat, the nucleus and other organelles are often pushed off to the side

Epidermis: function of the
Squamous Epithelial Cell Layer

determines what is able to move into the bloodstream

Epidermis: functions of the
Prickle Cell Layer

to strengthen the skin

Epidermis: functions of the Basal Cell Layer

replace dead or worn-out cells

Dermis: functions of the Dermal Loose Connective Tissue

structure and flexibility

Dermis: functions of the Blood Vessel

carries blood

Dermis: function of the Neurons/Nerve Cell

receive nerve signals & transmit signals

Dermis: functions of the Hair Follicle

produces hair

Dermis: functions of the Arrector Pili Muscle

contract in response to cold or fear

Dermis: functions of the Sweat Gland

secrete sweat to cool body

Dermis: functions of the Sebaceous Oil Gland

produce oil

Hypodermis: functions of the Subcutaneous Fat

helps insulate the body

Hypodermis: functions of the Connective Fibrous Tissue Layer

provides structure and strength

Hypodermis: functions of the Muscle Tissue Layer

responsible for body movement, moves blood, wast, food through bodies organs.

Epithelial Tissue

lines body surfaces, both internal and external

Connective Tissue

joins the bodies tissues together

Muscle Tissue

movement

Nervous Tissue

communication and response to stimulus

Skeletal system

the framework on which the rest of the body is built

Muscular System

working with the skeleton, voluntary muscles enable the body to make precise movements; involuntary muscles provide essential power for the functioning of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems.

Nervous System

brain controls all body movement

Endocrine System

hormones are chemicals that act on specific tissues and affect the body's internal balance. The endocrine system initiates the changes that occur at puberty

Cardiovascular System

basic function is to pump blood around the body. The system takes oxygenated blood to all body organs and tissues and can adapt swiftly to changes in demand. blood circulations also removes waste products from the body.

Lymphatic system

helps provide vital protection form infectious disease and to prevent malfunctions of internal tissues

Respiratory System

the respiratory tract, working together with breathing muscles, carries air into and out of the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged

Digestive System

this system stores food, digests it, breaking it down into substances that are absorbed by body cells, and eliminates wastes.

Male Urinary System

the formation of the urine by the kidneys eliminates wastes and excess fluids and helps to maintain the body's chemical balance

Female Urinary System

the process of urine formation and elimination in the female is the same as in the male. the urethra, which opens just in front of the vagina, is much shorter than in the male.

Male Reproductive system

the primary role of the reproductive system is to produce sperm and transport it to the female

Nail Structure

nails are make of Keratin, a hard fibrous protein, which is also the main constituent of hair

Hair growth

hair cells develop in pits in the skin called follicles. the cell divided and eventually die, forming a hair shaft as the dead cells build up

Basic Functions of Skeletal System

support, protection, movement, mineral storage, source of blood cells

Bone Cells

-osteoblasts: build bone
-osteoclasts: break down bone
-osteocytes: some osteoblasts cement themselves inside bone

Bone Development

-cartilage; chondrocytes-thick tissue building cells
-over time cartilage gets replaced by bone (osteocytes) in a process called ossification

Bone Repair (skeletal disorder)

-blood clot: stops bledding
-callus: fibroblasts form collagen across gap in bone
-spongy bone- osteoblasts secrete minerals and cover collagen with bone
-compact bone: osteocytes

Fractures (Skeletal Disorder)

-simple: not too far out of place
-compound: break through skin

Joint

point of attachment between bones

Recent Research

bone density can decrease overtime
-more likely for fractures
-compact bone can become more spongy
-repeated force increases bone density
Muscle mass can also decrease over time
-use it or lose it

where are new blood cells made?

in the bone marrow

what type of tissue is bone?

connective

Cells that build bone are called...

osteoblasts

cells that erode bone are called

osteoclasts

What are some causes of Osteoporosis

heredity, relative calcium deficiency due to pregnancy, nursing or hunger, poor nutrition, alcoholism, nicotine addiction, estrogen deficiency in female professional athletes

How many bones make up the skull?

what are the three main types of vertebraes

-cervical
-thoracic
-lumbar

what are symptoms of osteoarthritits?

affects joints on one side of body, usually develops slowly over many years

what are symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

redness, warmth and swelling of joints, affects same joints on both sides of body, causes general feeling of sickness, fatigue, weight loss and fever, may develop suddenly w/in weeks or months, usually between age 25 & 50

how can thigh bones absorb impact?

ends have honeycomb structure, direct force of impact towards the stronger part of bone

how many years does it take to completely remodel your skeleton?

10 years

Three types of muscle tissues

-skeletal
-smooth
-cardiac

Ligaments

connect bone to bone
-lateral collateral ligament
-anterior cruciate ligament
-medial collateral ligament

tendon

connect muscle to bone

Slow Twitch Fibers

slow to contract and fatigue
-darker in color due to more mitochondria and myoglobin

Fast Twitch Fibers

fast to contract and fatigue
-lighter in color

Digestive Functions

-ingestion
-propulsion (movement)
-mechanical breakdown
-chemical breakdown
-absorption of nutrients
-egestion (elimination)

Digestive Organs

-teeth
-salivary glands
-epiglottis
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-liver
-large intestine
-rectum

Define Nutrients

elements cells need to function
-water
-sugars
-fats
-proteins
-vitamins
-minerals
-nutrients need to be small enough to get into cells

True or False; does spicy food or stress cause stomach ulcers

false; majority of stomach ulcers are caused by a bacteria called helicobacter pylorie. can be treated with antibiotics (2 weeks time)

True or False: all foods are absorbed in the intestine

true; the intestines absorbs as many nutrients as possible

About this deck

By: Courtney Wilson
Textbook:

Psychology: Making Connections
Created: 2012-04-22
Size: 81 flashcards
Views: 18

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis