Exam 1

Biology 1110 with Dubois at Middle Tennessee State University

About this deck

By: Shelby Richmond
Textbook:

Biological Science with MasteringBiology (3rd Edition) (MasteringBiology Series)
Created: 2011-02-01
Size: 53 flashcards
Views: 46

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Science

Observations and questions. Curiosity and good observation skills.

How to approach a scientific problem.

Hypothesis: potential answers to questions.

Null Hypo: Where nothing happens, if proven you have to start over.

Alternative Hypo: When you prove the null and you have to come up with another answer.

Extermination: Testing the Hypothesis, based on predictions.

Who is the most badass call of duty player.

Ben Peterson;; bpp2f_mt // ps3

What is Scientific Theory

Scientific: Extensive experimental evidence(testing over and over with the same answer)

Society: Same as hypothesis ( potential answers)

What makes up Biology

Cell Theory: all living organisms are made of cells

Theory of Evolution: EXPLAINS the origin of life, DISPLAYS diversity of life.

What are the basic biology principles

-Cell Theory

-Respond to environment

-Growth and development

-Regulation and Homeostasis(stable environment)

3 types of atoms; their chargers and mass

Protons-positive-1 amu (atomic mass unit)

Neutron-neutral-1 amu

Electron-negative-0 amu

Atomic Number

Number of Protons in the Nucleus of the atom

Atomic Mass

(aka: atomic mass unit "amu")

Number of protons and Neutrons in an atom

Ionization

changing an atom or molecule into an ion, by adding or removing electrons.

Ionic Bonds

Bond between atoms with opposite chargers that are attracted to each-other

Info on shells...

Shells are orbits of electrons that orbit an atom.

When a shell takes away an electron it is positive, when it receives an elections is is negative

Isotope

Same number of protons but different numbers of Neutrons.

When an isotope is unstable its radioactive.

Radioactive Isotopes...

Used in

-Metabolism(metabolic pathways)

-Cancer Treatment

-Radioactive Dating

Covalent Bond

"Sharing Electrons"

Half Life

Determines the radioactivity amount of time it takes to be cut in half.

Water Properties

-adhesion(opps attract) and cohesion(likes attract)

-Surface Tension (water on top of wax paper)

Proteins

Subunit: amino acid (20)

every amino acid has a central carbon.

Structure: Polypeptide Chain;amino group, carboxyl group, R-side chain

Function:

- Catalyst(enzymes)

-Defense(antibodies)

-Movement(muscles)

-Signaling(membrane protein)

-Structure(membrane & wall proteins)

-Transport(membrane proteins)

Nucleic Acid

Subunit: Nucleotides

Structure: RNA & DNA

Function: Transfer genetic information from one generation to the next

Nucleotide

Contains; phosphate group, 5- carbon sugars & nitrogenous base

They carry chemical energy in a cell (ATP)

-Sugars= ribose in RNA and deoxynribose in DNA

Backbone of a Nucleic Acid

made up of alternating sugars and phosphate molecules, bonded together in a long chain.

RNA vs. DNA

nitrogenous bases...

RNA=Cytosine, Uracil (U), Adenine, Guanine//C.A.U.G

DNA= Adenine,Thymine,Cytosine,Guanine//C.G.A.T

ATP

Adenosine TriPhosphate. High energy molecule that stores energy. In the Cytoplasm.

Backbone=Carbon Compound

Adenine+Ribose+3phosphate

Carbohydrates

Subunit: Sugar CH2O (carbon hydrogen and oxygen)

Function: energy generation/ identification

Also creates saccharides (Next Slide)

Carbohydrate's Sugars

-Simple Sugars=monosaccharides

-2 Simple Sugars=Disaccharides

-Sucrose(table sugar)= glucose+fructose

-Polysaccharide=starch(used for energy storage in PLANT cells) potatoes

-Glycogen=Energy storage in animal cells(liver and muscles)

Cellulose

Most important organic plant compound.

-Structural Support in cell walls of plants.

-Found in many green plant cells, hydrophilic .

Can be broken down into its glucose units at high temperatures with concentrated acids.

Bacteria

Chitin= Cell wall for fungi and exoskeleton for insects and crustaceans

Peptidoglycan= Structural support of bacteria cell walls

Oligosacchraide

small number of component sugars.

Structure: Animal cells

Function: cell to cell recognition in the plasma membrane in a animal cell

Lipids

3 types of lipids (fats, glycerolipids, sterols)

Subunit: 3 carbons attached to a fatty acid( long carbon chain)

Function: Insulation, energy storage

Structure: Water, Hydrophilic head, Hydrophobic Tails. Repeat once again.

Steroids

Structure: 17 Carbon atoms bonded together with 4 fused rings.

Function: Hormones

Phospholipid

Structure: Glycerol, 2 fatty acids & phosphate

Function: cell membrane

Hydrophilic Polar head, Non polar membrane surrounds cell inside dissolves in water.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

-Sat. lipids (butter) @ room temp=soft

-Sat. lipids with long hydrocarbon tails (beeswax)@ room temp= hard

-Unsat. lipids sunflower oil@ room temp =liquid

Cell Theory

All living organisms are made of cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Smallest unit of life is a cell.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

Pro= lacks nucleus; 1 chromosome; circular; No compartments

Eu(animal)= has true nuclei; Many chromosomes; linear; compartments

Eukaryotic Cell

-loosely packed sections of chromosomes

-Nucleus

-Nuclear Envelope

FUNCTION:

Houses DNA; operation and direction making

regulates cell activity and enzymes, manipulating/ replicating.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

communication network between cells.

Made of Ribosomes (Protein and RNA)

Function: Protein synthesis

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Found in plant & animal cells. Lacks protein and ribosomes.

communication without nucleus.

Function: Metabolized Carbohydrates

Golgi Apparatus

Found in Eukaryotic cells.

Faces inner part of Endo Ret. transide faces plasma membrane, outside.

Function: "package" puts membrane around cell that wants to leave.

-Vesicles generate membrane. made up of phrosholipid.

Organelle

subunit within a cell.

-inside the membrane. surrounded by membrane

Single membrane: lysosome (smaller than a cell). Lyso= to break.

Lysosome breaks down and helps digest.

Vacuoles

Structure: occupy a big amount of a cell(PLANT)

Function: Regulate water(keeps cell volume when it looses water)

Stores any unnecessary things at one time. Breaks down Chemicals

Mitochondria

Double membrane cell.

Has own DNA

Function: generates energy

converts large organic modules and breaks them down into a goal of ATP.

Christae are the folds in a mitochondria.

Chloroplast

Chloro=green;;Plast=body

Has own DNA

Plastids= bodies inside the cell

Function: Takes in light energy and converts it to chemical energy

Double membrane structure

Thylakoids

compartment inside the chloroplast

Function: Photosynthesis

Granum=stack of discs

lamellae-1 disc

Leucoplast

Leuco=white

Function: storage; usually starch; fats & oils.

Chromoplast

PLANT CELL. euk.

Function: flavor fruits inside seeds to attract insects to get animals.

Plastids

Chloroplast-converts light into chemical energy

Chromosome- Flavors and colors plant cells to attract animals

Leucoplast- Photosynthesis

Cytoskeleton

Function: support, movement & protection

Structure: made out of proteins

3 main parts;

-mircrofilaments: moves cells via contraction

-intermediate filaments: maintain cell shape by anchoring nucleus & other organelles

-microtubules: moves cilia and flagella

Cell Walls

Animals DON'T have cell walls

Function: structure & protection

Plant, Fungi & bacteria have cell walls

*Principle of a plant cell wall is Cellulose (carb)

"glued together" with a pectin layer

Gylcan(exterior cell wall) folds euk. cells= carb

Bacteria= peptoglycan(mesh-like cell wall)

Doublets

Arms for flagellum that help move it back and forth

There are 9 Doublets

-bonded together

Plasmamembrane surrounds the cell

every time the doublets try to move the flagellum it cost 1 ATP

Pseudopodia

"false feet"

-lamellipodium; cell surface movement processed by a membrane process that causes pseudopodia

Function: cytoplasm filled projections of the cell wall that motion for indigestion

--aka: amoeboid

Cell Membrane

Plasma Membrane- surrounds the cell body

Double Bond(Valence bond joins hydrogen bond)- Unsat. fatty acids bend hydrophobic Bonds.

Phospholipids

bilayer- 2 sheets that surround the cell

Membrane

embedded with proteins

-integral membrane- though out membrane

-peripheral membrane- sits on the outside membrane

-channel proteins- allows water togo through

About this deck

By: Shelby Richmond
Textbook:

Biological Science with MasteringBiology (3rd Edition) (MasteringBiology Series)
Created: 2011-02-01
Size: 53 flashcards
Views: 46

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj