exam 1

Biology 345 with Dowling at Arizona State University - Tempe

About this deck

By: Rae Willson
Textbook:

Evolution
Created: 2010-02-10
Size: 53 flashcards
Views: 173

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what is evolutionary biology? The science devoted to understanding...

How populations change through time in response to modifications fo their environment (adaptation). How new species some into being (diversity)

what is induction?

deriving general principles from particular facts or instances. (the earth is flat becaue we can't wee it curve).

deductive reasoning ...

conclusion follows from stated premises. induction is used to generate huypothese that can be tested through experimentation. uses the scientific method.

how does science advance?

continual testing of focused hypotheses (without rejection) results in acceptancde of THEORIES.

what is a theory?

general public - a highly tentative statement, indicating disagreement among individuals.

scientific perspective - a hypothesis or group of related hypotheses that have survived being tested a great many times in a number of different ways. (Leads to conflicting implications of evolution as "just another theory"

Copernicus

concluded that the sun was the center of the solar system. This upset the church.

Galileo

1633 - said the sun was center of the solar system, and church threw him in prison.

1992 - catholic church admits error

mixing religion and science...

if we allow external factors to color our approach to gaining knowledge, we lose our objectivity. this results in fitting facts to attain specific outcomes.

Problem with creationism/transformism

not profuce testable predictions. (cannot lead to scientific progress).

Important questions can be addressed through evolutionary theory.

history of evolutionary theory...

dates back to the Greeks, Aristotle, Middle ages (incorportated religious overtones, led to belief of order in life (scale of nature) --> Plato & Aristotle beleif.

Scalae Naturae

taxonomy. reflected progression of creation. goal of biologist was to fill in. Linnaeus "for the greater glory of God".

generated a search for "missing links"

Lamarck's laws

the principle of use and disuse. organisms have a drive to improve. more frequent use strengthens and enlarges, less use diminishes. inheritance of acquired characteristics and passed to pogeny

Lamarck's contributions

even though he took a beatign from prominent scientists of his time. (b/c no intermediates, internalr force/strive for perfection is questionable, no new species have been observed to evolve)...

he was the first to divide animal life into the vertebrate and invertebrate categories. cleared way for Darwin

Charles Darwin

started in medicine. entered ministry. wanted to be a naturalist. trouble with family. 1831 trip on HMS Beagle. took Lyell's "Principles of Geology". saw unusual land formations, bizarre animals, unusual birds.

Darwin's predicament...

multiple creations of similar organisms or evolution?

Darwin - evolution by natural selection (1838)

reproductive ability + limited resources

struggle for existence + heritable variation

natural secection + changing environments

evolution (differences in species due to adaptation)

Natural Selection

the process by which forms of life having traits that better enable them to adapt to specific environmental pressures, compete for food or mates, against predators, will tent to survive and resproduce in greater #'s than others of their kind, thus ensuring favorable traits in succeding generations.

Evolution

(biology) - change in gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection and genetic drift.

three reasons natural secection was not accepted...

1. age of Earth - 5,000 to 100,000,000. no time to create diversity.

2. mode of inheritance - spermists, blending inheritance (offspring inherit a mix of traits from both parents, like paint). Darwin's answer = Pangenesis (small atomic particles from parents incorporated into gamets and passed.

3. variability - macro vs micromutation and evolution.

variablitly - macro vs. micromutation and evolution...

two schools of thought...

1. mutations of large effect created diversity.

2. selection on mutations of small effect (Darwin's idea).

Darwinism

evolution by tansmutation

Neo-Darwiniansim

(Darwinian view) - evolution by transmutation PLUS...

application of Mendel's laws, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (persistence of alleles) and analysis of effects of selection (natural selection).

Dobzhansky

(1937) - published first general text where he: linked mechanism (natural selection) with material basis of evolution (genetic principles). defined evolution as "the change in allele frequencies"

Allele

alternate for of a gene. different forms of a gene.

Genotype

the specific allele combinations in an individual. (blueprint)

Phenotype

the observed trait of an individual - affected by environment as well as genotype.

genotype ---> phenotype

does natural selection operate on phenotype or genotype?

phenotype - visable to trait. selected against.

Homozygous

both alleles are the same. "true breeding"

Heterozygous

a genotype that has two different alleles.

Hemizygous

a haploid genotype (one allele).

sex linked. males are haploid and females are diploid.

Synonymous mutations

no change in amino acid. makes the same amino acid

will have the least impact on phenotype

missense mutation

causes a change in amino acid

nonsense mutation

causes a premature stop

can have the greatest imnpact on phenotype.

frameshift mutation

insertion of bases, causes a shift. can change amino acids.

may have the greatest impact on phenotype. depends on how many bp are inserted.

Macromutations

deletion, duplication, inversion, reciprocal translocation.

Environmental influence

V_P = V_G + V_E

V_P = phenotipic variance

V_G= genetic variance (differenct alleles and genotype)

V_E = environmental variance

Hardy-Weinberg principle (1908)

if there are no disturbances in the system, allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant throught time.

possible distubances of HWE

finite population

mutation

selection

migration

nonrandom mating

HWE works when...

there is an infinite population

no mutations

random mating

no selection

Chi-square (X²)

X² = sumnation [(# observed - # expected)² / (# expected)]

directional selection

w₁₁ > w₁₂ > w₂₂

overdominance (heterosis)

heterozygote has the greatest fitness. Heterozygote advantage

w₁₁ < w₁₂ > w₂₂

underdominance (disruptive selection)

heterozygote has the lowest fitness. heterozygote disadvantage.

w₁₁ > w₁₂ < w₂₂

Natural selection does NOT

produce "perfection"

have a "goal"

attempt to achieve "harmony"

key points - mutation-selection balance

increase selection coefficient causes decrease in equilibrium frequency

increase mutation rate cases increase in equilibrium frequencey

even a small amount of codominance causes decrease in equilibrium frequencey (reduced shielding of deleterious allele)

which is NOT a possible disturbance of HWE?

a. migration

b. selection

c. random mating *

d. mutaion

on which of the followiing does natural selection operate?

a. allele dominance

b. genotype

c. phenotype *

d. RNA transcription

what type of mutation will result in premature termination of protein synthesis?

a. synonymous

b. missense

c. nonsense *

d. frameshift

looking at HWE, one can be positive that equilibrium has been achieved for all of the following conditions EXCEPT when...

a. chng p = O

b. p = 0

c. q = 0

d. chng p = 1 * (a change!)

which is NOT true of fitness?

a. can vary among genotypes

b. is based exclusively on an individuals ability to survive *

c. generates greater adaptation

d. is a function of allelic fitness

if a gene locus is experiencing disruptive selection (underdominince), allele frequencies at equilibrium will be determined by...

a. initial allele frequencies

b. relative fitness of each genotype

c. both of the above

d. non of the above

About this deck

By: Rae Willson
Textbook:

Evolution
Created: 2010-02-10
Size: 53 flashcards
Views: 173

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis