Exam 1
Natural Resources And The Environment 3245 with Poop at University of Connecticut
About this deck
By: Kelsey Barbella
Created: 2011-02-22
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 10
Created: 2011-02-22
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 10
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What are the components of stream ecology?
Physical (fluvial geomorphology, stream flow)
Chemical (streamwater chemistry)
Biological (biota - fish, insects)
Chemical (streamwater chemistry)
Biological (biota - fish, insects)
How are streams "connected"?
Longitudinal
Vertical (top to bottom of stream)
Lateral (across)
Vertical (top to bottom of stream)
Lateral (across)
What are the three major components of a stream corridor?
Stream Channel
Floodplain
Transitional upland fringe
Floodplain
Transitional upland fringe
What are the major energy sources?
Allochthonous energy
Autochtonous energy
Autochtonous energy
What is allochthonous energy?
energy derived from organic matter produced outside the wetted stream channel
What is autochthonous energy?
energy produced within the wetted stream channel
What is a modern version of Playfair's Law?
The way the river looks comes from the fluvial processes; template driven
What are the watershed drainage patterns? What are the two most common watershed drainage patterns?
Two most common: dendritic and parallel
Others: Trellis, Rectangular, Radial, Annual, Multi-Basinal, and Contorted
Others: Trellis, Rectangular, Radial, Annual, Multi-Basinal, and Contorted
What are the three categories of streams?
Ephemeral - dry, flows less than 30 days per year
Intermittent - wet, flows for more than 30 days
Perennial - continuous influx of streamflow
Intermittent - wet, flows for more than 30 days
Perennial - continuous influx of streamflow
How does surface and groundwater interact?
Effluent streams: input of water from the water table (perennial)
Influent stream: outflow of water from the stream
Influent stream: outflow of water from the stream
Why is stream order important? What does it ignore?
Useful descriptor of the stream position within a basin
Ignores the entry of low-order streams into higher-order streams
Ignores the entry of low-order streams into higher-order streams
Why is the link classification system not always accurate?
Lose universality. Someone's 14 order may be another's 14 order
What is stream power? What is the equation for stream power? When does it peak?
accounts for ability of stream to change its channel, move rocks, etc
stream slope x Discharge (amount of water)
tends to peak in streams of mid-size where there is the most disturbance
stream slope x Discharge (amount of water)
tends to peak in streams of mid-size where there is the most disturbance
What are the longitudinal profile zones?
Zone 1: Headwater streams
Zone 2: Transfer zone
Zone 3: Depositional zone
Zone 2: Transfer zone
Zone 3: Depositional zone
What is the headwaters zone?
Area where streams flow swiftly down steep slops and cut a deep V shaped valley. Rapids and waterfalls are common.
What is the transfer zone?
Low-elevation streams merge and flow down gentler slopes. The valley broadens and the river begins to meander.
What is the depositional zone?
At an even lower elevation, water wanders and meanders slowly across a broad, nearly flat valley. At its mouth it may divide into many separate channels
What is a degradational stream?
One in which is actively eroding
What is a aggradational stream?
One in which is full of alluvium or stored soil
What is a balanced stream?
degradation and aggradation is in a balance. The stream power is maximized
What are the characteristics of a Cascade reach?
boulder
valley confined
pool limited
valley confined
pool limited
What are the characteristics of a Step-pool reach?
cobble/boulder
valley confined
pools frequent
valley confined
pools frequent
What are the characteristics of Pool-riffle reach?
gravel
valley less confined
pools spaced regularly
found in zone 2
valley less confined
pools spaced regularly
found in zone 2
What are the characteristics of Dune-ripple reaches?
common for large and sandbed streams
not seen often because covered by water
hard to know where they are
not seen often because covered by water
hard to know where they are
What is the thalweg line?
path through a stream channel where most of the water passes
When do riffles occur?
when streams pass from one bank to the other
What is flow reversal?
When baseflow riffles have faster velocity than pools
What is low gradient stream closely linked to?
Sinuosity
What does the sinuosity ratio tell us?
How sinuous a stream is EQ: length of the real channel/length of the hypothetical straight channel
about 1: straight
1-1.5: sinuous
>1.5: meandering
about 1: straight
1-1.5: sinuous
>1.5: meandering
Why do streams meander?
velocity and energy
What happens to a stream that is meandering more and more?
going to go towards more and more meandering until part of the stream cuts off and forms an oxbow law (shape of a horseshoe)
What are different channel forms?
Single-tread
Braided (rivers braid itself through floodplain)
Braided (rivers braid itself through floodplain)
What is the flood-pulse concept?
Idea that for many of these large floodplain rivers (zone 3), they have these floodplains because of flooding.
What have humans done to floodplains?
Tended to decouple flood pulse phenomenon so that channel is broken up and dries out
What is a levee?
piles of earth/stone along banks made to increase capacity of water stored in main channel to stop floods from escaping the channel
What are waterfalls important for?
zoogeographic barriers: provide isolation for biota
How do beavers modify streams?
Create habitats which change hydrology of stream and evolution of biota
What is the most important thing that distinguishes a stream (what controls what a stream looks like)?
Due to the physical things in nature
What affects stream temperature?
Incoming: Solar radiation, groundwater flux
Incoming/Outgoing: Longwave radiation, air convection, evaporation/condensation, streambed conduction, hypoheic flux
Incoming/Outgoing: Longwave radiation, air convection, evaporation/condensation, streambed conduction, hypoheic flux
What is the difference between streamwater and groundwater temperature?
Groundwater temperature is cooler and stable
What is the most important heat source in large rivers and lakes?
solar radiation
What is the most important heat source for shaded stream?
groundwater, but not ALWAYS more important
What does temperature regulate in streams?
Biotic metabolisms
Chemical reaction rates
Chemical reaction rates
What happens to O2 as temperature increases?
Consumption of O2 increases in macroinvertebrates and fish because the warmer it gets, the more oxygen it needs
What are the thermal ranges in which an organism can live?
Stenothermal species: occupy a narrow range of temperature
Eurythermal species: occypy a wide range of temperature
Eurythermal species: occypy a wide range of temperature
What is thermal optima?
Whether a species is coldwater, coolwater, or warmwater species
Why is there a low temperature change in headwaters and high order streams?
headwaters: buggered by springs and shade
high order: tempered by large volume
high order: tempered by large volume
What is the spatial temperature change in streams
Back water areas >> temperature than thalweg which provides opportunities for biota needing warmer temperature
What are the characteristics of temporal temperature change?
Seasons act as an indicated to development and synchronize life cycles
How does light varies in canopied streams?
Seasonally
What is the River Continunuum concept?
Photosynthesis/respiration is < 1 or >1
How does substrate embeddedness vary?
Space between rocks decresses with embeddedness
What do the space between rocks provide?
habitat for benthic macro-invertebrates and small fish as well as a place for fish eggs
What are the characteristics of stream flow?
Almost never uniform
Slowed by friction and drag forces near the boundaries
three dimensional
Slowed by friction and drag forces near the boundaries
three dimensional
What is helical flow?
within three dimensional flow, sometimes helical flow is seen in deep streams/rivers as a secondary flow pattern
A spiraling water mass that occurs in meander bends
A spiraling water mass that occurs in meander bends
Where do a lot of perceived stream problems occur?
in active erosion zone
What are the vertical velocity distributions?
Laminar
Turbulent
Turbulent
What is laminar flow?
Regular
smooth
little mixing
the idealized conception, but doesn't occur
smooth
little mixing
the idealized conception, but doesn't occur
What is turbulent flow?
irregular
chaotic
a lot of mixing of the layers
chaotic
a lot of mixing of the layers
What is the laminar sublayer?
As you reach to the bottom of a substrate(right at the bottom), there will be an area where it is simply laminar, but very small
What is one of the major sources of turbulent flow?
When there is flow around objects which creates pattern varies at different discharges
What are turbulent headies?
voids where water is not flowing (dead zones)
What is the boundary layer?
extent in the water column to which friction and turbulence with the edge affects the flow of the water (not a fixed thickness)
for most streams, the boundary layer is the entire water column
for most streams, the boundary layer is the entire water column
What does the froude number aid in?
helps to determine what kind of velocities do we want to repair the stream
Fr < 1 subcritical flow (pools)
Fr = 1 critical flow (riffles)
Fr > 1 supercritical flow (rapids)
Fr < 1 subcritical flow (pools)
Fr = 1 critical flow (riffles)
Fr > 1 supercritical flow (rapids)
What are the benefits of streamflow?
food/nutrient in the current
waste removal
passive dispersal of organisms
waste removal
passive dispersal of organisms
What are the risks of streamflow?
Need to work (more energy) against flow
disturbances
seasonal variability
disturbances
seasonal variability
What is ecological integrity?
how we choose targets, how we set restoration goals, etc. all based on assumption
What are the consequences to an altered stream regime?
Changes in physical habitat (channel form)
Altered life history patterns (spawning)
Loss of lateral and longitudinal connectivity
Spread of non-native species
Altered life history patterns (spawning)
Loss of lateral and longitudinal connectivity
Spread of non-native species
Streams in forested watersheds are primarily what?
Heterotrophic, but still have populations of autotrophs
Streams in prairie regions and high mountain meadows are primarily what?
autotrophic, but often become heterotrophic once they drop below treeline
What are autotrophs?
organisms that acquire materials from the environment and energy from sunlight in the process of producing organic matter
Autotrophic ecosystems make most of it's own food
Autotrophic ecosystems make most of it's own food
What organisms makes up the autotrophs in the lotic system?
green plants, diatoms, and filamentous algae
What are heterotrophs?
Gain nutrients and energy by processing dead organic matter
Hetertrophic eco system needs an influx, gets energy from something else
Hetertrophic eco system needs an influx, gets energy from something else
What are examples of heterotrophs?
fungi and fish
Streams in prairie regions tend to be...
autotrophic because it's not shaded, there's no leaves that provide energy so must make it themselves
Where do benthic autotrophs grow?
virtually all surfaces receiving light in flowing waters
referred to as periphyton community
referred to as periphyton community
What are the classification of benthic autotrophs (periphyton community)?
Epilithon (species that grow on rocks)
Epipelon (species that grow on soft sediments)
Epiphyton (species that grow on other plants
Epipelon (species that grow on soft sediments)
Epiphyton (species that grow on other plants
What is periphyton?
a complex matrix of algae and heterotrophic microes attached to submerged substrata in almost all aquatic ecosystems
serves as an important food source for invertebrates and some fish and can slow down path of contaminants
serves as an important food source for invertebrates and some fish and can slow down path of contaminants
What does the lotic phytoplankton include?
algae
protozoans
cyanobacteria
all free-floating, transported by currents
protozoans
cyanobacteria
all free-floating, transported by currents
What are attached and benthic populations?
blue-green algae
green algae
diatoms
green algae
diatoms
What are the characteristics of diatoms?
very diverse
hundreds of thousand of species
largest % of most stream's periphyton
dominate during the winter, spring, and early summer
hundreds of thousand of species
largest % of most stream's periphyton
dominate during the winter, spring, and early summer
What are the four primary growth forms for macrophytes?
·Emergents: banks and shoals
·Floating-leaved: stream margins
·Free-floating: slow (tropical) rivers
·Submerged: midstream (limited by light penetration, current speed, and substrate type)
What characteristics attribute to a success and maintenance of macrophyte populations?
trough, flexible stems and leaves
attachment by adventitious roots
rhizomes
stolons
vegetative reproduction
attachment by adventitious roots
rhizomes
stolons
vegetative reproduction
What is rock snot?
an invasive diatom that essentially takes over a stream
What is the major vector for rock snot?
felt soles of boots worn by fly-fishing anglers
What is the composition of streamwater?
water
suspended inorganic matter
gases (Co2, O2, etc.)
Dissolved ions
Dissolved nutrients (N, P, etc.)
Suspended and dissolved organic matter
trace metals
suspended inorganic matter
gases (Co2, O2, etc.)
Dissolved ions
Dissolved nutrients (N, P, etc.)
Suspended and dissolved organic matter
trace metals
How does O2 and CO2 enter streams?
via atmospheric exchange
What else affects O2 and CO2 concentrations?
Respiration and photosynthesis
How does O2 fluctuate seasonally?
tends to be higher in the winter, lower in the summer due to temperature, metabolism of things in the stream, and respiration/autotrophs
What are the two major groups of ions?
Cations: Ca, Mg, Na, K
Anions: HCO3, CO3, SO4, Cl
Anions: HCO3, CO3, SO4, Cl
Where do major dissolved ions originate from?
rainwater
rock weathering
anthropogenic activities
rock weathering
anthropogenic activities
What is the most abundant cation in stream water?
calcium, which originates from sedimentary carbonate rocks
What do zebra mussels have an impact on?
Native mussels and ecosystems (efficient filter feeders)
What were bighead and silver carp initially intended for?
algae control
What is the ecological impact of bighead and silver carp?
A nuisance species
What is the most abundant anion in streamwater?
bicarbonate (HCO3), which originates from the weathering of carbonate minerals
acts as a bugger against acidity (such as rain water)
acts as a bugger against acidity (such as rain water)
How can one restore acidic streams?
limestone is used, with mixed results
What are the two families of mussels represented in North America?
Unionidae and Margaritiferidae
What is the general ecology of mussels?
long-lived (many have lifespans similar to human beings)
filter feeders: move water through membranes in body to get food
live in sediment (mussel bed)
filter feeders: move water through membranes in body to get food
live in sediment (mussel bed)
How are new mussels reproduced?
Ovisacs (embryos) or conglutinates are related into the water. Some have sticky tails and mimic larval fish
No sexual act
No sexual act
How often do mussels move?
mussels aren't very mobile, can move, but meters over a lifetime
What do mussels need in order to reproduce?
A fish host
What is a host-fish capture?
a novel way to increase glochidia contact rate
What are denticles?
found only on female valves of the snuffbox; help hold fish heads
What is the anatomy of mussels?
invertebrates
siphons for filter feeding
simple body
no brain
siphons for filter feeding
simple body
no brain
Why are crayfish created?
by isolation
Crayfish have high endemism, what does this mean?
many species have restricted ranges (sometimes just one watershed)
What are crayfish habitats?
Stream bottoms (benthic species)
usually live in water, but some are subterranean (burrowing)
usually live in water, but some are subterranean (burrowing)
How do crayfish grow?
They grow by molting, as many as 14 times/year
Sometimes walking legs are during a molt, but regenerate
Sometimes walking legs are during a molt, but regenerate
How do crayfish reproduce?
female holds sperm until spring
lays eggs which attach under the abdomen called "in-berry"
young hold on to swimmerets for first 2 molts
lays eggs which attach under the abdomen called "in-berry"
young hold on to swimmerets for first 2 molts
Why are crayfish at high risk?
limited geographical range because limited mobility, they stay in their corridor
human activities
human activities
Describe ephemoreptera
a mayfly with gills on both sides of abdominal segments
usually 3 tails
generally sensitive to pollution
usually 3 tails
generally sensitive to pollution
Describe plecoptera
a stonefly with Long antenna
Always 2 tails
limited or no gills on the abdomen
very sensitive to pollution
Always 2 tails
limited or no gills on the abdomen
very sensitive to pollution
Describe trichoptera
A caddisfly with three pairs of legs extend from the thorax
very short antennae
large range of pollution tolerance
very short antennae
large range of pollution tolerance
What is the macroinvertebrate life cycles?
Egg to nymph to don to adult
What does metamorphosis mean?
Drastic transformation cycle
What is a simple (or incomplete) metamorphosis?
3 stages where nymphs may look a lot like what the adult insect will look like
What is complex (or complete) metamorphosis?
4 stages, none of the juvenile (young) stages usually look like the adults
How long is the stonefly life cycle?
approximately 2-4 years
What is voltinism?
number of life cycles (generations) that a species goes through during a year
What are multivoltine and bivoltile?
> 1 generation/year (midges, blackflies, small minnow mayflies) and 2 generations/year respectively
What are univoltine and semivoltine?
one generation each year (mayflies, caddisflies, and stoneflies) and more than one year for each generation (mussels, many dragonflies and stoneflies) respectively
How do macroinvertebrates respirate?
most use gills, some breath air
How do macroinvertebrates move?
clinger
burrower
swimmer
climber
burrower
swimmer
climber
What are clinger movement?
adapted for hanging onto the surface of substrates in fast water; many mayflies, stoneflies, and snails
What are burrower movements?
moves between substrate particles, often in finer substrates; mussels, worms, and some mayflies
What are swimmer movements?
swims around in the water; many mayflies
What are climber movements?
climb up aquatic plants or woody debris; dragon and damselflies and many be
What are the major feeding guilds?
shredders
collectors
predators
Scrapers
collectors
predators
Scrapers
Describe shredders.
tear large plant material into smaller pieces
gain nutrition from the fungi and bacteria
many caddisflies and stoneflies
gain nutrition from the fungi and bacteria
many caddisflies and stoneflies
What is the dominate food of shredders?
vascular macrophyte tissue
coarse particulate organic material
wood
coarse particulate organic material
wood
What are the feeding mechanisms of shredders?
herbivors: chew and mine live macrophytes
detritivores: chew on CPOM
detritivores: chew on CPOM
Describe collectors at filterers (detritvores)
organic material suspended in the water is filtered out while the water passes
Describe collectors as gatherers (detritvores)
sift through substrate and debris in search of organic material worth eating
common in mayflies, caddisflies, and crustaceans
common in mayflies, caddisflies, and crustaceans
What is the dominate food of collectors?
fine particulate organic matter
Describe predators.
survive by eating other living organisms
common are hellgrammites and many stoneflies, beetles, and flies
common are hellgrammites and many stoneflies, beetles, and flies
What are the feeding mechanisms of predators?
engulfers - attack prety and ingest whole animals
pierceres - pierce tissues, suck fluids
pierceres - pierce tissues, suck fluids
Describe scrapers/grazers.
scrape or rasp tiny diatoms off the surface of substrates to which they tend to cling to very tightly
common along snails and some mayfies and caddisflies
common along snails and some mayfies and caddisflies
What is the trend of macrinvertebrates in low order streams?
shaded headwaters
CPOM provides resources base for consumer community
CPOM provides resources base for consumer community
What is the trend of macroinvertebrates in mid order streams?
shading and contribution of CPOM decreases
sunlight supports significant periphyton production
upstream processing of CPOM results in input of FPOM
sunlight supports significant periphyton production
upstream processing of CPOM results in input of FPOM
What is the trend of macroinvertebrates in high order streams?
phytoplankton and zooplankton being to occur in the largest streams
About this deck
By: Kelsey Barbella
Created: 2011-02-22
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 10
Created: 2011-02-22
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 10
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis