exam 1
Communication Sciences And Disorders 363 with Mccoll at California State University - Chico
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By: kayla goehring
Created: 2011-03-06
Size: 86 flashcards
Views: 38
Created: 2011-03-06
Size: 86 flashcards
Views: 38
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the source is
the larynx (specifically the vibrating of vocal folds)
the filter is
the remainder of the vocal tract (from top of larynx to lips)
(from the vocal folds of the larynx through the pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and lips)
(from the vocal folds of the larynx through the pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and lips)
how is one vowel distinguished from another?
it's based on the frequencies in complex sounds that are received
what happens to frequencies as they hit different filters?
after the sound leaves the source, the frequencies become more intense as they hit different filters
*filters add more frequencies
*filters add more frequencies
what is a formant?
a concentration of acoustic energy around a particular frequency in the speech wave (peaks)
F1,F2, F3
F1,F2, F3
how many frequencies does a simple sound (pure tone) have?
one and is periodic
how many frequencies does a complex sound have?
multiple
any interruption between speaker and listener is
transmission medium
(air is considered this)
(air is considered this)
speaker uses feedback ( 4 senses) to monitor speech (to be understood by listener)
-auditory(listening)
-tactile(sensation of touch)
-kinesthetic(sensation of movement of body parts(articulators)
-visual (based on listeners reactions)
speech needs what 3 things?
-power supply
-vibratory source
-medium
-vibratory source
-medium
what anatomical structures supply power toward respiration?
Abdominal Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Lungs
*all power supply for phonation using pulmonary air
what anatomical structure is the vibratory source?
Larynx
(b/c phonation only occurs in the larynx via the vocal folds)
what anatomical structures aid in articulation (filter)?
pharynx/pharyngeal tube
oral cavity
nasal cavity
oral cavity
nasal cavity
what is the pharyngeal tube made up of?
pharyngeal constrictor muscles
what phonemes are the pharyngeal tube/pharynx important for the production of?
very important in the articulation/production of vowels
what phonemes are the oral cavity important for the production of?
is important for the articulation/production of consonants and vowels
why is there more articulation for consonants than vowels?
muscle activity/more configuration of pharyngeal tube/etc.
what structure is part of and opens/closes the nasal cavity?
must include soft palate(velum) (which either opens/closes nasal cavity)
acoustical model of speech production can also be called ...
the source filter theory of speech production
why do the vocal folds reflexively closes upon swallowing?
to prevent aspiration
aspiration-food and water entering the lungs
what is the secondary role of the larynx?
phonation
what structure is most important to changing pitch?
Cricothyroids
what structure is the larynx suspended from?
hyoid bone (horseshoe shaped)
where does the hyoid bone lie?
inside the mandible(lower jaw bone)
how is the hyoid bone connected the larynx?
via membranous tissue
what are suprahyoids?
laryngeal elevators
what are infrahyoids
laryngeal depressors
what are the 5 intrinsic muscles?
1. Thyroarytenoids (vocal folds)
2. PCA-Posterior Cricoarytenoid (abductor)
3. LCA-Lateral Cricicarytenoid (adductor)
4. Arytenoids (adductor)
5. Cricothryroid(changing pitch)
what stucture is responsible for abducting?
PCA-Posterior Cricoarytenoid
what structures are responsible for adducting?
LCA- Lateral Cricicarytenoid
Arytenoids-[inner arytenoids muscles**b/c they connect between to two arytenoids](adductors)
Arytenoids-[inner arytenoids muscles**b/c they connect between to two arytenoids](adductors)
What concept have you been exposed to that is very closely associated with the homunculus?
Localization-certain areas of the brain are responsible for certain functions
what is the primary function of the larynx?
to protect the lungs
posteriorly, what are the vocal folds attached to?
arytenoid cartilages
When the velum contracts is there nasality?
no
what is sound?
a condition of disturbance of particles in a medium
what is the medium most commonly used in human speech?
air
what is a simple sound (pure tone)?
a sound with a single frequency
*almost no simple sounds in nature
what is a complex sound?
a sound with two or more frequencies
*most sounds we routinely hear are complex
shorter wavelengths have...
higher frequencies
*Shorter wave length= more waves hit base
*Think shorter wave length/more waves hit the beach than 3 long waves
*Shorter wave length= more waves hit base
*Think shorter wave length/more waves hit the beach than 3 long waves
longer wavelengths have...
lower frequencies
what is the distance from peak to baseline called?
the amplitude
what is amplitude?
the distance of molecular displacement particles of a medium
indicates the energy (intensity) of a sound
is objective (dB)
indicates the energy (intensity) of a sound
is objective (dB)
the louder/more intense sound has a what?
has a higher peak amplitude (or higher dB)
what is wavelength related to?
frequency/pitch (Hz)
the closer together wavelengths are means what for pitch?
higher pitch because more cycles per second
the further apart wavelengths are means what for pitch?
lower pitch because it doesn't occur as frequently
lower peaks have what kind of intensity and why ?
less intensity of sound because they are not displacing as many molecules
wavelength is inversely related to
frequncy
anytime you hear a noise it is...
aperiodic
all vowels are...
periodic
what does a spectrogram illustrate?
time, frequency, and amplitude
produced by spectrograph
who is the decibel named after?
Alexander Grandbel
decibel is 1/10 of a bell
decibel is 1/10 of a bell
what is needed to know what vowel is being produced?
F1, F2, F3 or vocal tract configuration
what is the first bar?
fundamental frequency which is cycles per sec
what comes after the fundamental frequency?
series of harmonics which contain F1, F2, and F3 which are the more powerful harmonics
what are the major landmarks of the laryngeal tube in descending order?
vestibule (is the entrance & contains true/false v.f.)
ventricle(space from true to false v.f. and the glottis)
glottis(the space between edges of true v.f.)
subglottic portion (true v.f. to trachea)
trachea
ventricle(space from true to false v.f. and the glottis)
glottis(the space between edges of true v.f.)
subglottic portion (true v.f. to trachea)
trachea
what are the particles in a medium?
mass, which is capable of vibratory motion
white noise is what?
aperiodic
what happens if a medium has elasticity?
it is able to resist permanent distortion to its original shape/distribution of its particles
**has "springiness"
**has "springiness"
what is the primary source of energy for speech production?
air
w/o air no energy source for the actual source (the larynx/vocal folds)
w/o air no energy source for the actual source (the larynx/vocal folds)
what is a wavelength?
SPATIAL
a linear measurement that refers to the distance a sound wave disturbance can travel during one complete cycle of vibration
measured in meters/feet
a linear measurement that refers to the distance a sound wave disturbance can travel during one complete cycle of vibration
measured in meters/feet
what is a longitudinal wave?
a sound wave in which particles of the medium move in the same line of propagation as the wave (moves parallel to wave)
what is a transverse wave?
a sound wave in which the particles of the medium move perpendicular (opposite) than the wave
inverse square law
there is a relationship between a decrease in sound amplitude and distance that is measure from the sound source
*sound emulates outward in all directions
*sound emulates outward in all directions
what direction does sound move?
spherically from sound source until it strikes an object(s) that alter the pattern
sound energy can be
absorbed
reflected
reverberations (no echo b/c of confined space)
reflected
reverberations (no echo b/c of confined space)
waveform graph
shows amplitude changes over time
for simple sounds
for simple sounds
spectrum graph
amplitude as a function of frequency at an instant in time
good for complex sounds
good for complex sounds
periodicity
when a wave shape repeats itself as a function of time
vowels have periodicity bc always same F1, F2, F3
vowels have periodicity bc always same F1, F2, F3
aperiodic
when a sound disturbance is one where the wave shape does not repeat itself
*always complex
*always complex
aperiodicity
when a wave shape does not repeat itself as a function of time
vocal fold excursion
the extent to which the vocal folds move away from the mid line
the further away they go, the m ore amplitude
the further away they go, the m ore amplitude
articulation
the anatomical and phisiology interplay in speech production
harmonics
or called: partials, overtones
bars on a spectrum
whole number multiples of the fundemental frequency (shows a decrease in energy)
bars on a spectrum
whole number multiples of the fundemental frequency (shows a decrease in energy)
white noise
noise whose energy is equally distributed throughout the entire frequency range (useful for masking other osunds)
spectral envelope
a device that is employed to show the distribution of energy for complex aperiodic sound disturbances
what is the scale where all units of measurement are the same size?
linear
what are the 2 spacial concepts?
amplitude
wavelength
wavelength
velocity
speed of sound,
temporal because it is measured in seconds
1100 feet per second or 340 meters per second
temporal because it is measured in seconds
1100 feet per second or 340 meters per second
what are the 5 things needed for a periodic sound
regular
rhythmic
repetitive
cyclical
and a continuous vibratory source
rhythmic
repetitive
cyclical
and a continuous vibratory source
what are posives considered and why?
aperiodic because they're not connected to a vowel
What anatomical structure affects F1?
jaw (mandible) position
What anatomical structure affects F2?
tongue position
What anatomical structure affects F3?
pharyngeal position
peripheral nervous system
cranial and spinal nerves
what are sound waves measured in?
longitudinal waves
About this deck
By: kayla goehring
Created: 2011-03-06
Size: 86 flashcards
Views: 38
Created: 2011-03-06
Size: 86 flashcards
Views: 38
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj