Exam 1
Counseling 361 with Ackerman at St. Cloud State University
About this deck
By: Sadie Uttke
Created: 2010-09-22
Size: 144 flashcards
Views: 23
Created: 2010-09-22
Size: 144 flashcards
Views: 23
About StudyBlue
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Reflective
Thoughtful and inventive. Reflective teachers think back over situations to analyze what they did and why and to consider how they might improve learning for their students
Educational psych
The discipline concerned with teaching and learning processes; applies the methods and theories of psych and has its own as well
Descriptive Studies
studies that collect detailed info about specific situations, often using observation, surveys, interviews, recordings or a combo of these methods
Ehnography
A descriptive approach to research that focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved.
Participant observation
A method for conducting descriptive research in which the researcher becomes a participant in the situation in order to better understand life in that group
Case study
intensive study of one person or one situation
Correlations
Statistical descriptions of how closely two variables are related
Positive correlation
A relationship between two variables in which the two increase or decrease together. Example: calorie intake and weight gain
Negative correlation
A relationship between two variables in which a high value on one is associated with a low value on the other. Example: height and distance from top of head to the ceiling
Experimentation
Research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects recorded
Participants/Subjects
People or animals studied
Random
without any definite pattern; following no rule
Statistically significant
not likely to be a chance occurrence
Single-subject experimental studies
Systematic interventions to study effects with one person, often by applying and then withdrawing a treatement
Microgenetic studies
detailed observation and analysis of changes in a cognitive process as the process unfolds over a several-day or several-week period of time.
Action research
Systematic observations or tests of methods conducted by teachers or schools to imporve teaching and learning for their students
Principle
Established relationship between factors
Theory
Integrated statement of principles that attempts to explain a phenomenon and make predictions
Cognitive development
gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated
Psychosocial theory
Describes the relation of the individual's emotional needs to the social environment
Developmental crisis
A specific conflict whose resolution prepares the way for the next stage
Behaviorism
explanations of learning that focus on external events as the cause of changes in observable behaviors
Information Processing
the human mind's activity of taking in, storing, and using info
Social cognitive theory
theory that adds concern with cognitive factors such as beliefs, self-perceptions, and expectations to social learning theory
Context
total setting or situation that surrounds and interacts with a person or event
zone of proximal development
phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support
Bioecological model
bronfenbrenner's theory describing the nested social and cultural contexts that shape development
Learning
process though which experience causes permanent change in knowledge or behavior
Behavioral learning theories
Explanations of learning that focus on external events as the cause of changes in observable behaviors
Contiguity
Association of two events because of repeated pairing
stimulus
event that activates behavior
response
observable reaction to a stimulus
Classical conditioning
Association of automatic responses with new stimuli
Respondents
Responses (generally automatic or involuntary) elicited by specific stimuli
Neutral stimulus
Stimulus not connected to a response
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response
Unconditioned response (UR)
Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Stimulus that evokes an emotional or physiological response after conditioning
Conditioned response (CR)
learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Operants
Voluntary behaviors emitted by a person or an animal
Operant conditioning
Learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents
Consequences
Events that follow an action
Reinforcement
use of consequences to strengthen behavior
Reinforcer
any event that follows a behavior and increases the chances that the behavior will occur again
Positive reinforcement
Strengthening behavior by presenting a desired stimulus after the behavior
negative reinforcement
strengthening behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when the behavior occurs
Aversive
Irritating or unpleasant
Punishment
Process that weakens or suppresses behavior
Presentation punishment
decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by presenting an aversive stimulus following the behavior (type 1 punishment)
Removal punishment
decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior (type 2)
Continuous reinforcement schedule
presenting a reinforcer after every appropriate response
intermittent reinforcement schedule
presenting a reinforcer after some but not all responses
interval schedule
length of time between reinforcers
ratio schedule
reinforcement based on the number of responses between reinforcers
extinction
the disappearance of a learned response
Stimulus control
capacity for the presence or absence of antecedents to cause behaviors
effective instruction delivery
instructions that are concise, clearn and specific, and that communicate an expected result. Statements work better than questions
Cueing
Providing a stimulus that "sets up" a desired behavior
Prompt
A reminder that follows a cue to make sure the person reacts to the cue
applied behavior analysis
the application of behavior learning principles to understand and change behavior
behavior modification
systematic application of antecedents and consequences to change behavior
Premack Principle
Principle stating that a more-preferred activity can serve as a reinforcer for a less-preferred activity
Shaping
reinforcing each small step of progress toward a desired goal or behavior
successive approsimations
small components that make up a complex behavior
task analysis
system for breaking down a task hierarchically into basic skills and subskills
Positive practice
practicing correct responses immediately after errors
Reprimands
criticisms for misbehavior
Response cost
punishment by loss of reinforcers
social isolation
removal of a disruptive student for 5 to 10 min
time out
removal of reinforcement. Isolation of a student from the rest of the class for a brief time
good behavior game
arrangement where a class is divided into teams and each team receives demerit points for breaking agreed-upon rules of good behavior
group consequences
rewards or punishments given to a class as a whole for adhering to or violating rules of conduct
Contingency contract
a contract between the teacher and a student specifiying what the student must do to earn a particular reward or privilege
Token reinforcement system
system in which tokens earned for academic work and positive classroom behavior can be exchanged for some desired reward
Functional behavioral assessment (FBA)
procedures used to obtain information about antecedents, behaviors and consequences to determine the resons or function of the behavior
Positive behavior supports (PBS)
interventions designed to replace problem behaviors with new actions that serve the same purpose for the student
Precorrection
tool for positive behavior support. involces identifying the context for a student's misbhavior, specifcying alternative expected behavior, modifying situation to make the problem behavior less likely, rehearsing expected positive behavior
Social learning theory
theory that emphasizes learning through observation of others
Social cognitive theory
theory that adds concern with cognitive factors such as beliefs, self-perceptions, and expectations to social learning theory
Observational learning
learning by observation and imitation of others
Vicarious reinforcement
increasing the chances that we will repeart a behavior by observing another person being reinforced for that behavior
Self-reinforcement
controlling your own reinforcers
self-management
use of behavioral learning principles to change your own behavior
Cognitive View of learning
a general approach that views learning as an active mental process of acquiring, remembering and using knowledge
domain-specific learning
info that is useful in a particular situation or that applies mainly to one specific topic
general knowledge
info that is useful in many different kinds of tasks; info that applies to many students
Information processing
the human minds activity of taking in, storing and using info
sensory memory
system that holds sensory info very briefly
perception
interpretation of sensory info
bottom-up procesesing
perceiving based on noticing separate defining features and assembling them into coherent wholes
prototype
a best example of a best representative of a category
Gestalt
German for pattern or whole. Gestalt theoriests hold that people organize their perceptions into coherent wholes
Attention
Focus on a stimulus
Automaticity
The ability to perform thoroughly learned tasks without much mental effort
working memory
the info that you are focusing on at a given moment
short-term memory
component of memory system that holds info for about 20 seconds
central executive
part of working memory that is responsible for mointoring and directing attention and other mental resources
Phonological loop
Part of working memory. A memory rehearsal system for verbal and sound info of about 1.5 to 2 seconds
Visuospatial sketchpad
part of working memory. A holding system for visual and spatial info
Cognitive load
volume of resources necessary to complete a task
Intrinsic cognitive load
the resources required by the task itself, regardless of other stimuli
Extraneous cognitive load
the resources requried to process stimuli irrelevant to the task
germane cognitive load
deep processing of info related to the task, including the application of prior knowledge to a new task or problem
maintenance rehearsal
keeping info in working memory by repeating it to yourself
Elaborative rehearsal
Keeping info in working memory by associating it with something else you already know
Chunking
grouping individual bits of data into meaningful larger units
Decay
the weakening and fading of memories with the passage of time
Long-term memory
permanent store of knowledge
declarative knowledge
verbal info; facts; "knowing that: something is the case
Procedural knowledge
Knowledge that is demonstrated when we perform a task; "knowing how."
Self-regulatory knowledge
knowing how to manage your learning or knowing how and when to use your declarative and procedural knowledge
explicit memory
long-term memories that involve dliberate or conscious recall
implicit memory
knowledge that we ar enot conscious of recalling, but infulences behavior or thought without our awareness
Semantic memory
Memory for meaning
propositional network
set of interconnected concepts and relationships in which long-term knowledge is held
Images
representations based on the physicial attributes--the appearance- of info
Concept
a category used to group similar events, ideas, objects or people
defining attribute
qualities that connect members of a group to a specific concept
exemplar
an actual memory of a specific object
schemas
basic structures for organizing info; concepts
story grammer
typical structure or organization for a category of stories
Episodic memory
long-term memory for info tied to a particular time and place, especially memory for the events in a person's life
procedural memory
long-term memory for how to do things
sciprt
schema or expected plan for the sequences of steps in a commone event such as buying groceries or ordering pizza
productions
the contents of procedural memory; rules about what actions to take, given certain conditions
priming
acivating a concept in memory or the soread of acivation from one concept to another
elaboration
adding and extending meaning by connecting new info to existing knowledge
organization
ordered and logical network of relations
context
the physical or emotional backdrop associated with an event
levels of processing theory
theory that recall of info is based on how deeply it is processed
spreading activiation
retrieval of pieces of info based on their relatedness to one another. Remembering one bit of info activates recall of associated info
retrieval
process of searching for and finding info in long-term memory
reconstruction
recreating info by using memories, expectations, logic, and existing knowledge
interference
the process that occurs when remembering certain info is hampered by the presence of other info
Loci method
technique of associating items with specific places
chain mnemonics
memory strategies that associate one element in a series with the next element
keyword method
system of associating new words or concepts with similar-sounding cue words and images
rote memorization
remembering info by repetition without necessarily understanding the meaning of the info
serial-position effect
the tendency to rmember the beginning and the end but not the middle of a list
part learning
breaking a list of items into shorter lists
distributed practice
practice in brief periods with rest intervals
massed practice
practice for a single extended period
automated basic skills
skills that are applied without conscious though
domain-specific strategies
consciously applied skills to reach goals in a particular subject or problem
About this deck
By: Sadie Uttke
Created: 2010-09-22
Size: 144 flashcards
Views: 23
Created: 2010-09-22
Size: 144 flashcards
Views: 23
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj