Exam 1

StudyBlue printing of Exam 1 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Exam 1 transit: mass public transportation freight transportation: movement of goods, mostly private, infrastructure is provided by public sector modes: rail, air, road different costs, speed, convenience system redundancy and resiliency: if one system fails, there is another system to pick up the slack intercity travel: travel btw cities of different urban regions factors affecting choice of mode: type and purpose of trip ownership status (car) cost (out of pocket cost) door to door travel time convenience, service, comfort availability/accessibility destination and land use characteristics Modes of urban transportation walking, bicycle, transit (subway, streetcar, light rail, heavy rail, bus), automobiles (including taxis) Land use determines viability of transportation options density: people or jobs per acre land use mix: degree to which different land uses (housing, commercial, institutional) are located together regional accessibility: location of development relative to urban center---#of jobs accessible w/in a certain travel time centeredness: portion of commercial, employment, and other activities located in major centers building and public space design: layout and design of buildings, parking facilities, and public spaces, scale and detail of building, street amenities and design low density and segregated land use: effectively served by private automobile higher density and mixed land use: good street and building design, transit, walking, cycling transportation shapes land use highway supply: miles of road per capita, capacity and speed of highway road design: road type and scale, accommodation for different modes road network: road types and scale, connectivity and density of the street pattern parking supply and management: amount, price, and regulation of parking bike and pedestrian accommodation: quantity and quality transit quality and accessibility: degree to which destinations are accessible by quality transit Most comprehensive approach for looking at what is transportation for: access ability to reach desired goods, services, and activities Transportation planning goals: economic development improved opportunities for residents health and safety equity environmental protection Objective: set to meet a goal treat traffic improvements as a goal may overlook access considers traffic only--does little to solve other concerns Growth vs. development growth: increased quantity ---getting bigger, may result in significant economic social and environmental costs development: increased quality----getting better, improve communities residents become wealthier healthier and happier Levels of planning impact direct impacts changes in travel conditions and costs current indirect impacts changes in travel behavior, tax revenue, and external impacts long term indirect impacts changes in land use and economic development induced traffic: improve a road for expected traffic and actual traffic proceeds expectations performance indicators---practical was of measuring progress the way indicators are measured impact the desirability of solutions speed, volume, level of service, delay, user cost overvalues automobile oriented solutions, ignore transit service quality, land use accessibility, non motorized transport mobility oriented examples: transit service quality, walk and bike facility quality, transportation system integration, passenger-mile crash and pollution rate access oriented: door to door commute times, per capita transportation costs, portion of people within walking/transit distance of retail and services, per capita crash and pollution rate Scales of planning natural: site, street, neighborhood, ecosystem/watershed, regional, global political: service district, municipality/regional government, state or province, federal temporal (time): short term (1-2 yrs), midterm (3-6 yrs), long term (>5 yrs) Planning for uncertainty: demographics, economics, technologies, consumer preference Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) analyze travel within each zone, travel between zones how many vehicles/travelers are using transportation facilities Scenario Planning models are properly adjusted to account for the impact of land use changes can be useful for evaluating the implications of different transportation choices Conventional Approach: 4 step model trip generation--estimate # of trips @ origins and destinations trip distribution--connect trips between origins and destinations mode choice--determine the probability of a particular mode for each trip route assignment--determine specific route for each trip Trip Generation trip: travel from one location to another chain: a series of successive trips tour: a chain that begins and ends at the same location origins/destinations---defined in terms of the direction of the trip production/attraction: defined by land use, residential land produces trip ends, non residential land use attracts trip ends Tih - Rh Nin Ti=sum Tin Tin=trips generated in zone i by household type h Ti=trips generated in zone i Rh=trips per household h Nin = # households in zone i of type h potential sources of uncertainty: model development prediction of future demographics-what will development look like use of the model to predict future understanding impacts of land use on travel patterns model process assumes relationship between socioeconomic factors and trip making remains constant what might change car ownership rates---if becomes mixed land use in future, may not need as many cars household size and composition number of daily trips mode of trips length of trips Trip Rate Analysis trip rates are estimated based on characteristics of trip generations within a TAZ limitations of ITE trip generation manual data from single use developments, virtually all access is by private automobile, all parking is accommodated on site for new developments that reduce automobile use (mixed use, transit oriented, parking fees), may drastically overestimate amount of traffic generated oversizing can add to costs, reduces space for trees and amenities, creates physical barriers of community Traffic Flow: vehicle miles, vehicle trips, assuming every car is equal regardless of the number of passengers (if increases, growth) Mobility: passenger miles, passenger trips, show that not all modes are equal Access: measured by door to door commute time improve by: mixed land use, higher density/compactness; highly connected street network transportation, better delivery services Growth---getting bigger, development---getting better performance indicators: deaths per passenger mile---seems like as long as we're moving more, more deaths are acceptable, deaths per capita---just because we're moving more, it's not okay that more people are dying, door to door travel time, out of pocket travel, for rapidly aging community: objectives: better transit, more densely packed community HW 4 parking for train: short term: provide more parking, make parking more expensive/increase other modes of transportation, improve time it takes to get tickets/pay long term: provide other modes, new development should be dense so people don't have to drive to get to station-can walk, build new stations in dense mixed land use areas levels of impact current direct: travel conditions (facilities, road width, mode options, costs/fees) current indirect: travel behavior, trip making behavior (travel speed, mode choice, number of trips, vehicle occupancy, revenue, pollution) long term indirect: new buildings, new development patterns, land use patterns, chance in activities (productions/attractions) Why transit works better in some areas: works better with higher density, mixed land use places that are good for walking are good for transit pedestrian friendly narrow streets, pedestrian covers, pedestrian sized buildings "outdoor room" walking is difficult segregated land use, boring buildings HW driving: cons: must control vehicle, no services (food, internet), potential for traffic bus: cons: infrequent departures, must share space, no control over route, no direct route, potential for traffic improvement: direct route, more frequent departures, designated busways, integration with other modes train: cons: must adhere to schedule, must change modes, must share space with others, no control over route land use characteristics supportive of walking mixed uses, dense land use, narrow streets, ped scale buildings, ample sidewalks, pedestrian cover (trees and awnings) make walking difficult segregated uses sparse land use wide streets blank building faces buildings far from street large parking lots supportive of transit mixed uses dense land use walkability regional accessibility centeredness make transit difficult segregated uses sparse land use vehicle traffic flow: speed and volume of vehicles, anything that improves vehicle speed and volume improves transportation mobility: measured by person trips or person miles, anything that increases personal mobility without increasing vehicle miles improves transportation access: ability for individuals to reach desired goods, services and activities, a transportation system should provide access without unnecessary movement improve access/decrease mobility: more accessible land use patterns (mixed use, high density) delivery services (efficient distribution of goods) highly connected transportation network (well connected streets, improved choices)