EXAM 1.doc

EXAM 1 A. Expresiones problematicas 1. volver, volver a, devolver, envolver, revolver -volver=regresar: to return -volver a: do something new (return to do something again) -devolver: go back into original place/state; to vomit -envolver: wrap, cover (desenvolver: unwrap, uncover) -revolver: agitar; mess/mix things up; upset/turn your stomach 2. soler: accustomed to doing something; usually _____ something 3. atender, asistir, ayudar -atender: to tend to, take care of -asistir: to attend, be present at -ayudar: to help/assist 4. tal, tan, algo -tal + sustantivo: such a -tan+adjetivo: such a -tan + adj. or adv.: so -algo: such a thing as 5. deber, deber de -deber: to owe -deber: must, should, supposed to -deber (imperfecto): was, were to, should -deber (potential, past, subjunctive): should, ought to -deber (preterite): should have -deber de: must, probably 6. gente, personas, pueblo -gente: people, singular feminine noun -personas: people, plural feminine noun -pueblo: people/group of: nation, ethnic group 7. dejar, abandonar, partir, salir, marcharse, irse -dejar: to leave behind -dejar/abandonar: to leave, abandon -partir: to set out (for some place), to leave: WITH DESTINATION -salir: to leave, to exit, to go out of: used the de, para -marcharse, irse: to leave (a place), NO DESTINATION 8. dejar de, cesar de, detener, detenerse, parar, parar de, pararse -dejar de, cesar de, parar de (infinitivo): to stop doing something -detener: to stop somebody or something -detenerse: to stop oneself -parar: to stop somebody or something -parar: to stopover, to end up, to stop oneself somewhere -pararse: to stand up 9. bajar, bajarse, subir, subirse -bajar: to lower, to go down/downstairs -bajarse: to get out of, to get off of -subir: to raise, to go up/upstairs, to come to (price/bill) -subirse: to get into, onto 10. pero, sino , sino que, no sólo?sino también -pero: but -sino: but rather, accept another option -sino que: but (to introduce another clause/new clause) -no sólo?sino también: not only?.but also 11. único, sólo, solamente, solo -único: only (before noun) -único: unique (after noun) -hijo único: only child -sólo, solamente: only (used with verbs) -solo: alone 12. el capital, la capital, el capitolio, capital (adj.) -el capital: amount of goods/money -la capital: city -el capitolio: building/architecture -capital: essential, principle, important -capital: cost of lift, mortal B. Presented del indicativo 1. something occurring in present 2. condition existing in present 3. repeated, continuous action in present 4. add drama/intensity to something that happened (when telling a story) 5. in an if clause-referring to present or future 6. an intention for the future 7. imperative condition, polite (NOT command) 8. questions with ?will? or ?shall? C. Presente Progressivo 1. to form - estar + -ando/-iendo - DO NOT change ending with subject 2. ?-ing? in English 3. with object pronoun: either before estar or hooked on after gerund - DO NOT separate estar and the gerund 4. gerund can exist without estar -buscando en serio, puedes 5. can replace estar with seguir and continuar -express movement: ir, andar, entrar, salir: entró gritando (came in yelling) 6. sometimes gerund used as noun -left in infinitive: Se prohibe fumar aquí( Smoking is prohibited here. 7. upon doing something = al + infinitivo D. El presente progressivo (+past participle) 1. haber + -ado/ido -?has?, ?have ___ed? 2. forms of haber -he, has, ha, hemos, han 3. participles: ALWAYS end in ?o, NO change with fem, sing, plur. (when part of verb) 4. irregular participles -hecho, dicho, escrito, muerto, visto, vuelto, puesto, roto 5. can function as an adjective - televisor descompuesto *voz pasiva: - ser + past participle fue hecho, fue construida - with ser there HAS to be SUBJECT AGREEMENT (o, a, os, as) E. Acentuación 1. word ends in vowel, n, or s: the second last syllable gets the stress 2. word ends in anything else: stress falls on last syllable naturally 3. use accent when: -word does not follow rules above -está: use accent b/c otherwise stress on e -to break up a dipthong (i.e.- continua) -distinguish meaning (se vs. sé) F. Mayúsculas 1. ALWAYS LOWERCASE: -days of the week, months, languages, cardinal directions nationalities 2. only FIRST word CAPITALIZED: -title of paper, book, movie, newspaper article, etc. 3. ALWAYS CAPITALIZED: -proper names G. Construcciones especiales 1. hace (time) que (verb in present indicative) -it makes this much time that/since? - Cuanto tiempo hace que? ( How long has it been?? 2. (verb in present indicative) desde hace (time) -this has been going on for this much time -desde can be used as noun: vive aquí desde septiembre (=SINCE) 3. llevar -subject been for time -Llevo más de cinco meces aquí: I?ve been here for over five months. 4. acabar de infinitivo -to have just? H. Adjetivos 1. subject agreement - o, a, os, as 2. end in e - masc, or fem., plural just add ?s, -es - same for ending in ?ista or consonant 3. certain adjectives en in ?n, -r, -l, -s -feminine form by adding ?a: trabajadorA 4. adjective comes AFTER noun (minues exceptions below..) 5. adjectives come BEFORE when: -added for emphasis/poetic effect los enormes elephants: comes before b/c we know elephants are enormous - when about number/amount/possession muchos amigos 6. omit ?o when these adjectives precede a singular, masculine noun: -uno, alguno, ninguno, bueno, malo, primer, tercero, postrero 7. gran before noun = grand; after = big 8. cien (instead of ciento): before any noun, when counting, any number greater than 100 I. Los posesivos 1. short form (come BEFORE noun) -mi/mis -nuestro/nuesta/nuestros/nuestras -tu/tus -vuestro/vuestra/vuestros/vuestras -su/sus -su/sus 2. long form (come AFTER noun) *used to answer: De quíen es? ? Es mío. -mío/mía/míos/mías -nuestro/nuestra/nuestros/nuestras -tuyo/tuya/tuyos/tuyas -vuestro/vuestra/vuestros/vuestras -suyo/suya/suyos/suyas -suyo/suya/suyos/suyas 3. determining singular or plural -based on the noun in question, NOT on the subject los perros de mi amiga = sus perros/ los perros suyos J. Ser y Estar 1. estar - location (permanent/people) - to form the progressive (estar + -ando/-iendo) - condition (temporary) ( state; how something seems/appears look/taste/smell/feel -estar por + infinitivo (on the verge of) - estar para: to be about to 2. ser - possession/belonging - location of EVENTS - origin - impersonal expressions (es importante) - material/made of - passive voice (fue hecho) - time or the hour - describe (being), what are they like? K. El modo imperativo 1. singular - formal (usted) +: subjunctive ( + escriba, -- : subjunctive( - no escriba - informal (tú) + : 3rd person singular indicative( escribe *** -- : subjunctive ( no escribas 2. plural - formal (ustedes) + : subjunctive ( escriben -- : subjunctive ( no escriben - informal (vosotros) + : --r + d ( escribid -- : subjunctive ( no escribáis 3. attach prounouns to affirmative commands: prepáremelo. 4. negative: place pronoun between ?no? and command: No me lo prepare. ***: irregulars (used ONLY with tú affirmative commands): di (decir) haz (hacer) pon (poner) ten (tener) ven (venir) ve (ir) sal (salir) sé (ser) L. SUBJUNCTIVE 1. ojalá: espero que? 2. voluntad, mandato, deseo de persuadir 3. emoción 4. dudar/negar 5. expresiones impersonales - except: sin duda = NO SUBJUNCTIVE (cierto, verdad, saber, parecer, pensar) creo que?indicativo pienso que?indicativo no creo que?subjuntivo no pienso que?subjuntivo 6. sustantivos relacionados 7. always use ?que? to link two clauses 8. El INFINITIVO EN VEZ DEL SUBJUNTIVO - un sujeto no hay ?que? no hay subjuntivo (Prefiero usar nuestro dinero para viajar.) - mandar, ordenar, exigir, obligar, dejar, impedir, permitir, prohibir la profesora me manda hablar en español OR la profesora me manda que (yo) halbe en español 9. SUBJUNTIVO CON ADJETIVALES - exists ( indicative - doesn?t exist, aren?t sure if it exists: ( subjuntive - specific ( indicative - general/not specific ( subjunctive 10. infinitive: when only one subject, and no ?que? 11. ADVERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE - MCDETH (mientra, cuando, etc.) ? temporal subjuntivo : futuro indicativo: presente, pasado mientras indicativo: while mientras subjuntivo: as long as - NO HAY DOS SUJETOS = no que, usar el infinitivo - conjunciones concesivas even if it may = sub. >doesn?t matter if only one subject (for these cases) even though it is = ind. - condiciones o causales cause and effect = past = indicative present = condition = subjunctive future = condition = subjunctive 12. Quizá, tal vez, acaso - subjuntive: unsure/doubtful 13. que + subjuntivo - ?let?s? or ?have? - que tengan un buen fin de semana! 14. por más que + subjuntivo - ?no matter how? 15. (Ya) + subjuntivo + (ya) + subjuntivo