exam 2 AP flashcards
Biology 101 with Torres/d'arville at Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway
About this deck
By: Maria Iacovone
Textbook:
Biology (Available Titles Coursemate)
Created: 2011-10-23
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 97
Textbook:
Biology (Available Titles Coursemate)Created: 2011-10-23
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 97
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photosynthesis
light & chlorophyll enzymes
process by which plants convert solar energy into energy stored in chemicals
photosynthesis
consists of 2 sets of reactions: light dependent and light independent
photosynthesis
light dependent reactions use light directly to produce, ATP which in turn powers the light independent reactions
photosynthesis
light independent reactions produce sugar using the calvin cycle
phtotsynthesis pigments
absorb light energy to provide energy ffor photosynthesis
photosynthesis pigments
chlorophyll a and b are green
photosynthesis pigments
caretenoid and xanthophyll are yellow, orange, and red
photosynthesis pigments
phycobilins are red
a pigment absorbs all colors that it does not reflect; chlorophyll reflects green, while it absorbs red, blue, and violent
what is color pigment?
the pigment is green because it reflects green light and absorbs all other wavelengths of light
antenna pigments
photosynthetic pigments that capture wavelengths of light other that those absorbed by chlorophyll a, thus expanding the spectrum of light that can be used to power photosynthesis
antenna pigments
located in photosystems in the grand of chloroplasts
ex. chlorophyll b, careteniods, xanthophyll and phycobilin
outer double membrane
the membrane is double because in ancient times chloroplasts were tiny free living organisms that took up residence inside larger cells (theory of endosymbiosis)
stroma
site of light independent reactions
grana
site of light dependent reactions, consists of thykaloid membranes
photosystems (PS)
located in the grand, within the thykaloid membranes
photosystems (PS)
harvest light for the light dependent reactions
photosystems (PS)
consists of a reaction center containing chlorophyll a plus antenna pigments
photosystems (PS)
2 photosystems- PS1 (P700) PS2 (P680)
PS1 absorbs light in the 700 nm range
PS2 absorbs light in the 680 nm range
PS2 activates before PS1
light dependent reactions
2 major things- light is absorbed and transferred to molecules of ATP and water is split apart
light dependent reactions
occurs in the grand
light dependent reactions
light is absorbed by PS2 and PS1 in the thykaloid membranes
Light dependent reactions
atp is produced as the exergonic flow of electrons through electron transport chains is coupled with the photphorylation of ADP into ATP. this process is known as photophosphorylation
light dependent reactions
photolysis occurs when water is split apart, providing electrons (to replace those lost from photosystem 2) and protons (to reduce NADP) to the system
light dependent reactions
NADPH2 is formmed: protons from water reduce NADP to NADPH2, and NAPHH2 carries H2 to the light independent reactions
noncyclic photophosphorylation
main thins that occurs during the light dependent reactions-
ATP is produced and NADPH2 is formed
process begins at PS2 and continues at PS1
noncyclic photophosphorylation
electrons supplied by photolysis enter 2 ETCs and ATP and NADPH are formed
noncyclic photophosphorylation
chemiosmosis powers the production of ATP
noncyclic photophosphorylation
NADP bonds to the H+ that diffused through the ATP synthase channel across the thykaloid membrane
cyclic photophosphorylation
this process only replenishes ATP- no NADPH is formed
and this is a modification of noncyclic photophosphorylation
cyclic photophosphorylation
occurs when the calvin cycle (which requires a lot of energy) uses up all available ATP
electrons travel from PS2 to PS1 and back to PS2 again in a cyclic fashion
light independent reaction
term for the process that includes the Calvin cycle
occurs in the stroma
light independent reaction
uses ATP from the light dependent reactions to produce sugar
light independent reactions
does not depend directly on light
light independent reactions
requires the products of the light dependent reactions; these reactions occur only when there is light
light independent reactions
uses protons (H+) carried by NADPH2 formed during the light dependent reactions to make sugar
calvin cycle
process where carbon fixation occurs as part of the light independent reactions
produces PGAL (G3P) a 3 carbon sugar
calvin cycle
occurs in the stroma
catalyzed by the enzyme Rubisco (RuBP carboxylase)
calvin cycle
CO2 combines with RuBP, a 5 carbon molecule to produce two 3 carbon molecules
photorespiration
dead-end process that subverts the calvin cycle from the production of sugar during photosynthesis
NO ATP IS PRODUCED
NO SUGAR IS PRODUCED
photorespiration
occurs when rubisco from the calvin cycle binds to O2 instead of to CO2 (because rubisco has a greater affinity for O2 than CO2
photorespiration
probaby a vestige from ancient earth when the atmosphere contained no oxygen to compete with CO2 for binding sites in Rubisco
c4 photosynthesis
one of several plant adaptations for a dry environment
c4 photosynthesis
photosynthesis enables a plant to absorb CO2 into its leaves more efficiently so that they can keep their stomates closed longer and conserve water
c4 photosynthesis
PEP is the 3carbon molecule that combines with CO2 forming a 4carbon molecule
biochemical and anatomical modification of c3 photosynthesis
plants
autotrophs
evolved from green algae (protists)
life cycle is characterized by alternation of generations
plants
cell wall made mostly of cellulose
plants
store surplus carbohydrates as starch
the plant bodies live simultaneously in air and in soil, which presents many challenges
plant classification
bryophytes- mosses, liverworts
grow close to ground because they lack vascular tissue and lack lignin-fortified tissue, which enables plants on land to grow tall
plant classification
tracheophytes
plants having transport vessels, xylem, and phloem
inclues all plants except mosses and liverworts
plant classification
tracheophytes
seedless- ferns
with seeds- all other tracheophytes
plant classification
tracheophytes-
gymnosperms- cone bearing(conifers)
angiosperms- flowering, roses, daisies, grasses----monocots & dicots
monocot
seed consists of one part
veins in leaves are parallel
monocot
floral parts in 3's
roots are fibrous
vascular bundles in stem are scattered throughout
ex. grasses, corn, palms
dicot
seed consists of 2 parts
veins in leaves are netlike
floral parts in 4's and 5's
dicot
vascular bundles in stems are located in a ring
ex. roses daises oak and maple trees
plant tissue type
dermal tissue-
protection- acts as the skin of the plant
absorbtion- root hairs are modified epidermal cells
plant tissue type
vascular tissue
xylem- carries water and minerals from roots to leaves
phloem- carries food from leaves to nonphotosynthetis parts of plants
plant tissue type
support, photosynthesis, storage
types- parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
ex. cortex and pith
sporopollenin
a complex polymer responsible for making walls of plant spores though and resistant to harsh environmental conditional
aquaporins
membrane channels (transport channels) specific for passive, rapid transport of water into or out of a cell
reasons stomates close
guard cells lose water and become flaccid
plants dehydrate
temps are high
abscicic levels increase
reasons stomates open
guard cells absorb water and become turgid
photosynthetic guard cells make sugar, causing decrease in water potential inside guard cells
light stimulates blue light sensors in plasma membrane of guard cells
potassium ion levels increase inside guard cells
CO2 levels inside leaf decrease
plasmodesmata
continuous pathway from cytosol to cytocol between adjacent cells
symplast
system of plasmodesmata
apoplast
the extracellular pathway formed by the connection of all the adjacent cell walls of neighboring plant cells
About this deck
By: Maria Iacovone
Textbook: Biology (Available Titles Coursemate)
Created: 2011-10-23
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 97
Textbook:
Biology (Available Titles Coursemate)Created: 2011-10-23
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 97
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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