Exam 2 Flashcards
Psychology 2012 with A.janowsky at University of Central Florida
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Behavior Genetics
The study of how biological/genetic and environmental influences affect our behavior
Environment
Non-biological Influence
Chromosome
Thread-like structures made up of DNA
DNA
Dy-Nucleic Acid | Complex stands that contain your genes
Genes
Bio chemicals in your DNA that give you traits
Genome
Instructions for creating an organism
Culture
Enduring ideas, behaviors, attitudes, and traditions held by a group a people from one generation to the next
Genetic Relatives
Biological parents and siblings. Affect extraversion and agreeables
Mental Relatives
Adoptive parents and siblings. Have no affect on personality
Temperament
Emotional Excitability
EASY Temperament
- Cheerful
- Relaxed
- Predictable eating and sleeping
DIFFICULT Temperament
- More Irritable
- Intense
- Unpredictable
Slow-To-Warm Temperament
Resist/withdraw from new people and situations
Heritability
Phenotype variation between people because of their genes
Interaction
How one factor depends on another factor
Molecular Genetics
The study of how genes work
Norm
Understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
Personal Space
Buffer zone that people prefer around themselves
Individualism
- Giving priority to one's own goals
- Defining your identity by your personal attributes
Collectivism
Giving priority to a group or team
XX Chromosome Set =
Female baby
XY Chromosome Set =
Male baby
Role
Set of expectations for a social position
Gender Role
Expected behavior of men vs. women
Gender Identity
Our sense of being male or female
Gender Typing
"Gender Stereotyping": Getting a traditional masculine or feminine role
Social Learning Theory
Theory that we learn our social behavior by observing and imitating others
Developmental Psych
Study of growth and development throughout life
Zygote
Fertilized egg from conception until 2 weeks
Embryo
Developing human from 2 weeks - 2 months
Fetus
Developing human from 2 months / 9 weeks - Birth
Teratogens
Chemicals and viruses that reach developing baby and cause harm
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Physical and cognitive abnormalities due to a mother's drinking during pregnancy
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness to a repeated stimulation
Maturation
Growth that changes behavior. Not affected by experience.
Cognition
Thinking, knowing, learning, remembering, communicating, ect.
Schema
Concept of how we organize and interpret information
Assimilation
Fitting in new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Accomodation
How we fit new experiences into our new schemas
Sensormimotor Stage
- Birth until age 2
- Experience world through senses and actions
- Object permanence and Stranger anxiety come into play
Preoperational Stage
- Age 2 to about 6 or 7
- Representing things with words and images
- Use intuitive instead of logic
- Pretend Play & Egocentricm come into play
Concrete Operational Stage
- Age 7 to 11
- Thinking logically about concrete events and ideas and analogies
- Conservation and Mathematics come into play
Formal Operational Stage
- Age 12 and above
- Abstract reasoning
- Potential for mature and moral reasoning
Egocentric
Not perceiving things from another's point of view
Stranger Anxiety
Fear of strangers from birth until about 8 months
Critical Period
Period shortly after birth when exposure to certain stimuli and exposures produces proper development
Imprinting
Certain animals form attachments during a critical period of early life
Basic Trust
(Erikson) Sense that the world is predictable and reliable
Self Concept
Understanding/Assessment of who/what you are
Authoritarian
Strict Parenting
Permissive Parenting
NON strict parenting
Authoritative Parenting
Make rules and enforce them, but are responsive and give exceptions through discussion
Adolescence
Age from Puberty to Adulthood
Primary Sex Chars
Ovaries, testes, and genitalia that make sexual reproduction possible
Secondary Sex Chars
Sexual chars that are non-reproductive
Preconventional Morality
- Age 0 to 9
- Morality is mostly focused on self interest (like rewards or not getting in trouble)
Conventional Morality
- By early adolescence
- Start caring for others and upholding laws because they are laws
Postconventional Morality
Not all reach this stage. Abstract reasoning from formal operational thought
Identity
Sense of self
Social Identity
Becoming who you are from group memberships
Intimacy
Ability to form close and loving relationships
Emerging Adulthood
Bridging the gap from adolescent dependence to full independence
Menopause
Ends menstrual cycles
Cross-Sectional Studies
Study where people of different ages are compared
Longitudinal Study
Research where people are observed and restudied for a long period
Crystalized Intelligence
Accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocab and analogies tests. Increases up to old age
Fluid Intelligence
Speed in reasoning abstractly and solving logic problems. Decreases during lifespan
Social Clock
Culturally preferred timing of social events (like marriage)
Sensation
Sensory receptors receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Perception
Interpreting sensory information
Top-Down Processing
Information processing guided by brain
Bottom-Up Processing
Analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain
Psychophysics
Relationship between physical characteristics and our psychological experience with them
Absolute Threshold
Minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus half of the time
Signal Detection Theory
Theory that we can hear weak signals if we are listening for it
Subliminal
Below absolute threshold, but is still being seen
Prime
Predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
Difference Threshold
Minimum difference a person can detect between and two stimuli half the time
Weber's Law
"There needs to be enough change to notice a change"
Sensory Adaption
Diminished sensitivity after a constant stimulation
Transduce
Conversion of one form of energy to another
Pupil
Where light enters the eye
Cornea
Protects eye, bends light to provide focus
Iris
Muscle that adjusts the pupil's size
Lens
Changes shape with Accommodation to focus the image on the retina
Retina
Inner part of eye where image is projected. Has receptor cones and rods/neurons that process visual info
Accommodation
How the lens changes shape to focus vision
Rods
Detect grayscale, necessary for peripheral vision and night vision
Cones
Used in daylight for fine detail and color sensations
Blind Spot
Where optic nerve leaves eye
Fovea
Eye focal point
Feature Detector
Respond to a scenes' specific feature: edges, lines, angles, movements
Parallel Processing
Doing many neural processes at the same time
Young-Heimholtz Trichromatic Theory
Theory that we see RGB
Opponent-Process Theory
Theory that as visual info leaves receptor cells, we analyze it in sets of the opposite color: Red-Green, Yellow-Blue, Black-White
Audition
Sense or act of hearing
Amplitude (hearing)
Loudness
Frequency (hearing)
Determines Pitch
Middle Ear
Between eardrum and cochlea. Contains Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup
Cochlea
Coiled, bony structure in inner ear that uses sound waves to create neural impulses
Inner Ear
Contains Semicircular canals, Cochlea, and Auditory Nerve
Place Theory
Theory that we determine pitch by triggering different hairs/receptors on the Basilar Membrane
Frequency Theory
Theory that we determine pitch by the frequency of neural impulses on auditory nerve
Conduction Hearing loss
Damage to middle ear (causes)
Sensormineural Hearing Loss
Damage to cochlea/hair receptors (causes)
Cochlear Implant
Device used to replicate the hair cells in cochlea to convert sound waves into neural impulses
Kinesthesis
Sense of body position and movement of body parts
Vestibular Sense
Sense of body movement/position and balance
Gate-Control Theory
Theory that our spinal cords have "gates" that allow or block pain signals to the brain
Sensory Interaction
How once sense can affect another (like smell and taste)
Figure-Ground Concept
Organization of visual field so we can distinguish objects from their background
Grouping (vision)
Tendency to organize visual stimuli into coherent groups
Visual Cliff
Used on babies to test depth perception
Binocular Cues
Depth cues that require both eyes
Retinal Disparity
Binocular cue for perceiving depth
Monocular Cues
Depth cues that require one eye
Phi Phenomenon
Illusion of movement that occurs when adjacent lights blink
Perceptual Constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging (in shape, size, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change
Color Constancy
Knowing that familiar objects have the same color, even though there is a different illumination
Perceptual Adaption
Ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
Perceptual Set
Set to perceive one thing and not another
Extrasensory Perception
Claim that perception can occur when there is no sensory input (like telepathy)
Parapsychology
Study of Paranormal phenomena
About this deck
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis