Exam 2 Flashcards

Linguistics 225 with Hasty at Michigan State University

About this deck

By: Carolyn Muir
Created: 2011-11-03
Size: 95 flashcards
Views: 6

About StudyBlue

STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school. Things like online flashcards with photos and audio. Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next. Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone. STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis

Sign up (free) to study this.

Holmes definition of a compliment

a speech act which explicitly/implicitly attributes credit to someone other than the speaker for some "good" which is positively valued by the speaker and the hearer

What is an implicit compliment?

"your child is really well behaved"

Really complimenting parent not child

Two functions of compliments

1. to convey communicative meaning

2. increase solidarity

What is the dark side of compliments?

Compliments that are a power play

superordinate to subordinate

Compliments in other cultures

some see compliments as wanting something in return (necklace story)

OBLIGATION - burden

What is a street mark

cat call

Compliments from strangers can be...

creepy because they presuppose familiarity

Who did Janet Holmes study?

484 naturally occurring compliments

New Zealand Aboriginal

Holmes had how many male-to-male compliments?

48 (9%)

Holmes had how many female-to-male compliments?

80 (17%)

Holmes had how many male-to-female compliments?

125 (26%)

Holmes had how many female-to-female compliments?

249 (48%)

Overall conclusions of Holmes study

females give and receive the most compliments

give: 68%

receive: 74%

males receive: 26%

Herbert

Found the same results as Holmes (girls give and receive more)

ALSO: the more frequent compliments are, the more they're used for solidarity

Lewandowski

in Poland, found the same results as Holmes

Holme's theory of women's compliments

Women see compliments as expressing solidarity and positive politeness

-flowery (what lovely children)

Holme's theory of men's compliments

Men see complements as referential and face threatening

(she didn't give examples though)

-direct (really cool earrings)

Holmes theory on female responses

They mostly shift (down play the compliment)

What do males get complimented on?

possesions

What gets complimented the most overall?

Appearance

Why do males compliment females more than f/m?

Status

Why do men compliment ability and not possessions of females?

Men expect females to be less capable and do not value their possessions

Status and compliments

80% equals

Men are more likely to compliment someone of a higher status

Majority super to subordinate

Who did Defrancisco study?

7 married couples

-1st marriages

-ranged from newly weds to 35 years

-happily married

Where did DeFrancisco record?

She had the couple record themselves having everyday conversations

tried to avoid observers paradox by not being there

only 2 deleted things

What did DeFrancisco look at?

-turn taking

-violations

-talk time

-raising topics

-topic success

What are violations in Defrancisco's study?

-no response

-interruption

-delayed response

-small answers

Stand-out violations in DeFrancisco's study

women interrupted a lot too (only a little less than men)

How much did men and women raise topics? DeFr

Men: 37%

Women: 63%

How much topic success did men and women have? DeFr

Men: 76%

Women: 66%

What does it mean that men raise less topics but succeed more?

When men do talk their almost always successful

Fishman and DeFran

Fishman talked about women doing the shit work in conversations

-men are withholding conversation

Difference model and DeFrancisco

-Women use conversation to create and maintain closeness

-Men only talk when they are interested in topic

Defrancisco: worries of married women

neither party worried about interruptions but the women say "they won't talk to me"

Who did Coats compare her data to?

Jones in 1980 who did an introspection on gossip

Who did Coates study?

Her group of friends

-Over 9 months

-Without them knowing

-At each other's houses

-In England

What is the speech situation in Coates study?

-Private setting

-Little structure

-"host" could have some extra power

-Recurring

Coates and gossip

Maybe her study isn't really gossip because gossip is generally a negative thing

Minimal responses in Coates study

1. to show you're listening

2. mark stages of conversation (only during discussion)

Stages of convo in Coates

find from book

-intro

-discussion

Epistemic modality (Coates)

-A way of expressing how the speaker feels about the truthfulness of the convo

(might, may)

Tag questions (Coates)

Used to save face, makes a statement less direct

Reason for Goodwin's story

Literature focuses on differences between male/female but overlooks similarities

Who was Goodwin's study on?

Black urban girls in Philadelphia

Goodwin's results

Found similar results to Maltz and Borker for some play (crafts)

Other play was similar to boys (house)

What did Goodwin focus on?

Directives and their responses

Mitigated directives (Goodwin)

Try to make it seem like you're not directing

Aggravated Directives (Goodwin)

Straight up telling someone what to do

Two types of play context (Goodwin)

Task and Pretend

Goodwin's study on boy making sling shots

-2 groups

-used aggravated directives (and people complied)

-highly structured

-Asymmetrical relationship between leader and everyone else

Goodwin's study on task play

-making rings

-mitigated control "Let's"

-equal relationships between speaker and addressees

Girls instructing others (Goodwin)

-Girls negotiated who lead

-anyone could step up and give instructions

-give instructions in a humorous way

Girls disagreements with leader (Goodwin)

-can disagree because there's no true leader

-generally agree

-arguments are to actually disagree

-say why they disagree (constructive critcism)

Girls pretend play (Goodwin)

-when girls fulfill the role of "mom" they use aggravated commands (says who does what)

-girls form coalition against those they don't want in the group

Conclusions from Goodwin

-girls do play equally in task play

-in pretend play the girls are similar to boys

(larger group, disagreement, leader)

-pretend play mimics real world hierarchy

Kiesling's homosocial desire

same sex relationship (usually refers to guys)

non-sexual "Bromance"

Who did Kiesling study?

A fraternity and their address terms

Greek life (Kiesling)

-Families within

-hierarchy (pledges)

-gender separated

Kiesling's theory of men and women in greek life

men: hunting for sex

women: sexual prey

Kiesling says frat parties are about

1. Getting laid

2. Drinking

Frat boy public talk (Kies)

-"fuck stories" during gavel

-sexual conquest

-homosocially trying to impress

-entertainment, creates bro bonds

Private frat boy talk

-talks about girlfriends and marriage

Hi honey I'm home (kies)

Sounds like marriage, making one bro wife (less dominant)

"Hazel" Kiesling

-tv show servant

-called a pledge this that did housework

"Bitch boy" kiesl

-derogatory

-indexing subordinate roles

-could be somewhat racial

bitch - weak

boy - age

"Dude" and "Man"

good terms

masculine and equal

solidarity

Who did Cameron study?

got data from a student and his roommates

-watching sports

-white-middle class

21ish

-"women, wine, and sports"

Cameron's definition of gossip

affirming solidarity of an in-group by constructing absent others an out-group whose behavior is examined

Cameron's notes

-resembled women's speech

jointly produced

a lot of latching

collaborative rather than competitive

y'know and like

Topics of convo in Cameron's study

OTHER MEN

-gay based on appearance and clothing

What does gay mean for the guys in Cameron's study?

Since they're talking about a guy hitting on a girl they're not actually meaning homosexual

NOT MASCULINE

Why is gay just "not masculine" Cameron

1. "really gay" on a spectrum

2. hitting on a girl but she's ugly (its masculine to hit on hot chicks)

Why is the guy the boys are talking about the antithesis of man Cameron

-short shorts year round

-no hair on legs

Differences between construction of masculinity in Kiesling and Cameron

Kiesling talked about mascuinity in contrast to women

Cameron in reference to other men

What do we use to make sounds

Throat (vocal folds, lyranx)

lungs

mouth (roof, tongue, lips, teeth)

Nose

uuvula

velum (back of wind pipe)

Two types of sounds

-vowels

-consanants

Bumps between teeth on roof of mouth

Aveolar ridge (t stop is made here)

T vs D

D uses voice (stops)

K and G

Use back of mouth

G uses voice

Z and S

Fricatives (vibrate)

Z uses voice

Vowel waves

bigger

Where is i made?

top front (heat)

Where is ea made?

bottom front (hat)

Where is a made?

Bottom back (hot)

where is u made?

Top back (hoot)

what are formant?

different spots/shapes in mouth

Podevsa studied who and what?

"heath" and falsetto

white, med student, openly gay

Falsetto

phonetory setting in which the vocal chords are tightly stretched (measured at F(0)

Falsetto range

240-634 Hz

Average adult male

100 Hz

The three speech situations Podevsa

1. BBQ

2. Dad's phone convo

3. Met with patient

Falsetto at BBQ vs. others

9.07% (two times more likely than other situations)

Falsetto is very obvious

What does Falsetto mean for Heath?

1. yelling

2. expressing surprise or excitement

3. Offering evaluating comment

4. Enlivening a direct quotation

5. Engaging the audience

Diva

game male diva....read about

About this deck

By: Carolyn Muir
Created: 2011-11-03
Size: 95 flashcards
Views: 6

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis