Exam 2 flashcards

Psychology 345 with Zurawski at St. Norbert College

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By: Serrah Buck
Created: 2012-02-28
Size: 77 flashcards
Views: 3

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Psychic determinism

Underlying theme of psychoanalytic perspective

All aspects of a person’s psychological makeup arise from specific causes or forces, as previous experiences or instinctual drives

May be conscious or unconscious

Dynamic unconscious

Underlying theme of psychoanalytic perspective

More of an energy flow than a place
- tensions build up and release is necessary to restore self to state of stasis

Hedonism

Underlying theme of psychoanalytic perspective

Pleasure is only intrinsic good ==> aim of human life is to seek pleasure

Components of Freud's topographical view of personality - conscious

Stores everything we are aware of

Small part of “who we are”

Level of thought-process operation which one can talk/think about in a rational manner

Components of Freud's topographical view of personality - preconscious

Outside awareness, but still accessible

Part of conscious mind which includes memory

- Non-repressed memories are not “conscious”, but are able to be brought to the “conscious” mind at any point

Components of topographical view of personality - unconscious

Stores all experiences, memories, repressed material, inaccessible needs and motivations
Root of all forms of neurotic symptoms and behaviors
Source of dream work and repressed memory
Influences conscious via intuition and being unaware

Id

Origin
Contents
Aims
Mechanisms of action

O: Birth; primary source of psychic energy and instincts
C: Life instincts (fixed action = reflex) and death instincts (life is finite, agression, exploitation, homicide)
A: Reduce tension & pain; gain pleasure
M: reflex action, primary process thinking

Ego

Origin
Aims

O: Earlier than verbal recognition of "I am me"
A: distinguish between mental images and objects of external world
- Autonomous learning: general thinking, learning, language, thought
- Defensive learning: keeping self-aware of nature of life vs. death instincts

Ego

Aims (defensive learning)
Mechanisms of action

A:
- Defensive learning: keep in dark --> prevent self from total access of certain features of self
M: reality principle (controls impulses of id), secondary process thinking

Superego

Origins
Content
Aims
Mechanisms of action

O: moral code
C: represent traditional/ideal values of society handed down b/w generations
A: strive for perfection --> internalization of standards of parents and society
M: Inhibit id impulses --> persuade ego to substitute moral goals for real ones

Oral stage

Major issues/conflicts
Personality qualities

MI: oral fixations (result from deprivation of oral grat. in infancy)
PQ: optimism, trust, dependence, gullibility, sarcasm, independence

Anal stage

Major issues/conflicts
Personality qualities

MC: conflict between id and ego as to eliminate bodily wastes
PQ: Independence, acceptance of personal power, controlled expression of rage and aggression

Phallic stage

Major issues/conflicts
Personality qualities

MI: fear of castration of father, penis envy
PQ: Don Juan, macho, impotent; submissive female with insecure personality, seductiveness, flirtatiousness, surprised by rejection of attention

Latency stage

Major issues/conflicts
Personality qualities

MI: ego's failure to direct energies towards socially acceptable activities; inadequate resolution of phallic stage
PQ: pleasure derived from gratification of secondary process thinking

Genital stage

Major issues/conflicts
Personality qualities

MI: societal restrictions on sexual energy; focus on shift between primary-drive grat. and secondary process-thinking for grat.
PQ: friendships, love relationships, family/adult responsibilities

Neurotic anxiety

Id-ego conflict: id seeks to discharge impulses but ego imposes reality constraints

Fear that instincts will get out of hand and cause one to do something for which one will be punished

Moral anxiety

Id-superego conflict: id seeks to discharge impulses but superego imposes moral standards from paretns and society

Fear of one's own conscience acting in favor of impulses and opposite of moral ideals, resulting in guilt and shame

Objective reality

Fear of danger from external world

Level of anxiety = degree of real threat

Identify examples of various ego defense mechanisms

Repression
Displacement
Denial
Reaction formation
Rationalization
Regression

Repression

Blocking a threatening memory from consciousness

Denial

Refusing to admit that something unpleasant is happening or that a taboo emotion is being experienced

Regression

Returning to more primitive levels of behavior

Reaction formation

Transforming anxiety-producing thoughts into their opposites in consciousness

Rationalization

Justifying one's failures with socially acceptable reasons instead of the real reasons

Displacement

Discharging pent-up feelings, usually of hostility, on objects less dangerous than those that initially aroused the emotion

Goals of classical psychoanalysis

Make the unconscious conscious

- Provide client with insight into true underlying causes of problems

Provide cathartic release of the emotional energy tied up in such conflicts

Fuction/role of analyst in classic psychoanalysis

Blank screen - facilitate emergence of/interpret transference

Assist in acquisition of freedom to love, work, and play

Establish relationship with client

Listen/interpret

Teach clients about personality structure and dynamics

Facilitate development of client insight

Experience of client in classical psychoanalysis

Long, arduous nature of psychoanalysis

Lying on couch

Free association

- Extreme amount of talking on behalf of client

Attain answer to “why” questions

Analyst-client relationship in classic psychoanalysis

Classical vs. Contemporary psychoanalysis

Transference/countertransference relationship characterization

Practicalities of classic psychoanalysis

Time: 3-4 days/week; 4-6 years
Couch: takes patient's focus off external surr.; focus instead on daydreams, feelings, etc.
Char. of good cand: motiv., able to form interp. relation., ability to have insight, ego has strength; problems reflected in stress of daily living

6 psychoanalytic techniques

Maintaining analytic framework
Free association
Interpretation
Dream analysis
Analysis/interpretation of resistance
Analysis/interpretation of transference

Free association

Client says whatever comes to mind without censorship

Interpretation - psychoanalytic technique

Therapist points out/explains meaning of revealed content

Dream analysis - psychoanalytic technique

Analysis of content for symbols as means to discovered latent content

Analysis/interpretation of resistance - psychoanalytic technique

Interpretation of omission gaps or stumbling blocks

Shows how ways of avoiding therapy are methods to defend against anxiety

Analysis/interpretation of transference - psychoanalytic technique

Interpretation of reactions of client toward therapist as means to discover how they reflect in relationships with significant others

Shows the client how to achieve insight into past influences

Classical psychoanalysis vs. contemporary psychodynamic therapies (Classical psychoanalysis)

Highly intensive

3+ sessions per week

Patient lies down

Therapist is outside of patient’s immediate eyesight

Training is for those categorized as psychiatrists/psychologists

Analyst has undergone personal analysis

Classical psychoanalysis vs. contemporary psychodynamic therapies (contemporary psychodynamic therapies)

Less intensive

1-2 sessions per week

Patient sits up

Therapist faces patient

Training for most in mental health professions

Therapist personal mental health treatment is optional

Origins of dreams (acc. to Freud)

Unconscious wishes
Censoring mechanism of ego
Events in waking life

Nature of dreams (acc. to Freud)

Dreams are significant byproducts of the minds

Occur during sleep

- Origins reflect all aspects of dreamer’s psychological experience

Akin to fireworks display è hours to prepare, but go off in instant

3 major functions/purposes of dreams/dreaming

Wish fulfillment
Release of unconscious tension
Guardian of sleep

Manifest vs. latent dream content

Latent content: True meaning; Psychic events which will be what is remembered in dream

Manifest content :What one actually remembers :“disguised” version of latent content; Elements within content symbolize elements of latent content

Define dream work

Process by which latent content is transformed into manifest content

Mechanisms of dream work

Condensation
Displacement
Visual representation
Secondary revision
Symbolization

Describe how Freud's view of dreams aligns with current research finding concerning sleep and dreaming

Dreams as release of tension - REM rebound occurs; effects of dream deprivation are variable
Guardians of sleep - people incorporate day residue and night external stimuli into dream
Mediated by unconscious drives - unlikely; occur at regular intervals

Similarities between Freud and Ego psychologists

Agree on importance of early experience

Agree on conflict as inherent in human experience

Agree on basic assumptions

Differences between ego psychologists and Freud

reject primacy of sexual drives

reject emphasis on id; focus on import of ego

emphasize autonomous functions of ego; development

emphasize importance of interpersonal relations

emphasize conscious adaptation

see ego as present at birth

Basic assumptions/sources of influence in Adler's individual psychology

Acknowledging debt to Freud
Behaviors occur within social context
Individual psychology is an interpersonal psychology
Rejects reductionism
Understanding individual requires understanding of cognitions
Not pushed from behind, but pulled toward goal

Birth order

First born: Special attention until “dethroned” by additional siblings

Second born: Lives in shadows of elder sibling; Motivated to be better than older sibling

Youngest: Pampered or discouraged by competition

Only: Pampered, Academic success

Describe the motive of striving for superiority, with its origins and sources including the life style

Oldest: receives most attention, spoiled
Second of two: behaves as if race against other child
Middle: feels squeezed out
Youngest: baby
Only: lacks skills to share/cooperate with others, learns to deal with adults

Characterization of abnormal behavior

Excessive feelings of inferiority
Self-defeating
Mistaken style of life
Limited social interests

Goals of discouraged individual

Attention
Power
Revenge
Display of inadequacy

Basic mistakes of clients

Overgeneralizations
False/impossible goals of security
Misperceptions of life and demands
Minimization/denial of one's basic worth
Faulty values

Goals/aims of Adlerian therapy

Develop a sense of belonging for client

Assist in adoption of behaviors characterized by social interests

Assist clients to understand their lifestyles

Help clients to think about self, work, and act in ways which reflect courage/social interests

Re-educating client and re-shaping society

Role/function of Adlerian therapy

Identify major mistakes in thinking and value system
Assist client in better understanding/challenging/changing life stories
Complete comprehensive assessment of client functioning

Client experience in Adlerian therapy

Exploration of private logic underlying style of life
Receive encouragement from therapist

Nature of therapeutic relationship of Adlerian therapy

Egalitarian
- based on cooperation, mutual trust, respect, confidence, collaboration, goal alignment

4 phases of Adlerian therapy; highlighting key concepts

Establish relationship -> focus on client strengths and assets throughout therapy
Explore individual's psychodynamics -> focus on assessment of social and cultural context
Encourage self-understanding and insight -> increase awareness of goals, behavior
Re-orientation and re-educaation -> amin is holistic change

Advice Adler would give to raise healthy children

Encourage the child rather than simply punishing

Be firm but not dominating

Show respect for the child

Maintain routines with the child

Emphasize cooperation

Guide by your actions not your words

Do not offer excessive sympathy

Be consistent

Key components of Jung's theory of personality

Conscious
Personal unconscious
Collective unconscious

Jung's conscious component

Carries out daily activities

Jung's personal unconscious

Individual's thoughts, memories, wishes, impulses

Jung's collective unconscious

Storehouse of memories inherited from common ancestors of whole human rase
Hidden psychic resources shared by humans
Same basic motifs found across individuals in dreams, fantasies, etc.

Archetypes

Persona
Shadow
Anima
Animus
Others

Persona archetype

Public personality

Aspects of oneself willing to be revealed to others

Shadow archetype

Prehistoric fear of wild animals

Hitler
Devil

Anima archetype

Feminine archetypes in men

Virgin Mary
Mona Lisa

Animus archetype

Masculine archetype in women

Christ
King Arthur

Others archetype

God
Hero
Nurturing mother
Wise old man
Wicket witch
Devil

Jung's characteristics of a healthy personality

Recognition/embrace of opposing forces

Wholeness

Jung's characteristics of an abnormal personality

Psychopathology develops from conflicts within mother-child relationships
Made worse by stressors
Pathological symptoms occur due to frustration and thwarted urges towards wholeness

Role of client - interpersonal psychotherapy

Talks about what affects one emotionally
Responsibility of self to select topics of importance
Raise notice to emergence of important feelings

Therapist role - interpersonal psychotherapy

Patient-advocate
Expresses unconditional positive regard
Intentionally cultivated positive expectations of treatment
Active in keeping interpersonal problem areas to focus
Encourage expression of affect
Teach new skills

Ideal therapist-client relationship - interpersonal psychotherapy

Mutual liking
Caring
Respect
Importance to both parties
Degree of expertise on behalf of therapist

Describe the primary client problem areas that are addressed in IPT

Grief - more than typical "mourning"
Role dispute - relationship conflicts
Role transition - major life changes
Interpersonal deficits - long time pattern of loneliness, isolation, etc.

Goals/aims of IPT

Understand client

Therapist holds active role

Client advocates for self

Supportive

Directive

Non-transferential

Client responsible for direction and change

Strategies to address problem areas of IPT

Communicate to client on problem-area focus

Ensure focus on recognized problem, not personal weakness

About this deck

By: Serrah Buck
Created: 2012-02-28
Size: 77 flashcards
Views: 3

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj