Exam 2 review ch 8
Abnormal Psychology 331 with Puffenberg at Ohio State University - All Campuses
About this deck
By: Teresa Ibanez
Created: 2011-10-31
Size: 56 flashcards
Views: 29
Created: 2011-10-31
Size: 56 flashcards
Views: 29
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Difference between normal sadness and clinical depression
Different from normal sadness:
¢ Pervasiveness ¢ Absence of situational cues ¢ Impairment ¢ Additional signs and symptoms ¢ Doesn’t feel like ‘normal sadness’
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
¢Symptoms:
-≥1 major depressive episodes (MDEs)
-Episode must last at least 2 weeks
¢No manic or unequivocal hypomanic episodes (becomes bipolar I if it happens)
symptom pattern of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Dysthymic Disorder
¢Depressed mood for at least 2 years, more days than not but:
•No MDE (major depression episodes) during first 2 years
•Never without these symptoms for longer than 2 months
Bipolar I Disorder
Symptoms:
¢≥1 manic episodes
-Elevated, expansive or irritable mood
-Plus:3/7 symptoms
-At least 1 week period
Exclusion:
¢Not due to Schizophrenia
note: Schizophrenia=
- A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty...
- (in general use) A mentality or approach characterized by inconsistent or contradictory elements.
Symptom Pattern of Bipolar I
Bipolar II Disorder
Symptoms:
¢≥1 hypomanic episodes
-3 out of 7 symptoms
-4 day period
¢≥1 major depressive episodes
Exclusion criteria:
•No manic episodes
•Not due to schizophrenia
Symptom Pattern of Bipolar II
Cyclothymia
Symptoms:
¢Multiple hypomanic episodes + mild depressive symptoms
¢2 year period
Exclusions:
¢No manic episodes (during 1st two years)
¢No major depressive episodes
Major Depressive Episode
¢5 of 9 symptoms
¢experienced most of the day
¢ nearly every day
¢ for at least TWO WEEKS!!
Emotional Symptoms of Major Depressive Episode
¢Emotional Symptoms
1.Depressed mood*
2.loss of interest/pleasure in activities,*
--anhedonia
3.feelings of worthlessness/guilt
Physical symptoms of Major Depressive Episode
¢Physical Symptoms
4.Weight loss/gain
5.sleep difficulties
6.psychomotor retardation/agitation
7.loss of energy
Cognitive Symptoms of Major Depressive Episode
¢Cognitive Symptoms
8.Problems with concentration and decision-making
9.recurrent thoughts of death
Other signs of depression
¢Decreased motivation
¢Feeling empty
¢Crying spells
¢Low self-esteem
¢Pessimism
Manic Episode
•Elevated
•expansive
• irritable mood
Physical symptoms of Mania
Decreased need for help
Behavioral symptoms of Mania
More talkative and pressured speech
•Not necessarily rapid but sounds like they have a lot to get out.
Increased goal-directed behavior
•Get a lot done.
Excessive involvement in high-risk pleasurable activities
•Overly risky sexual, shopaholics, city ninjas!
Cognitive symptoms of Mania
Racing thoughts or "flight of ideas"
Highly distractable
-"Squirrel!"
Emotional symptoms of Mania
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
-"I can fly!" *splat*
Hypomania
mild mania. Little m not big M. Seen in bipolar II
Gender Differences in MDD
Women are more likely
Distraction vs Rumination--how males deal with problem as opposed to females
Women appear to be younger when diagnosed with depression, to have more frequent and longer-lasting bouts, and to respond less successfully to treatment.
Demographic differences
Race/ethnicity
Education-higher education more likely
Income-those closer to poverty are more likely
Marital status- if a stable marriage is failing
Biological view on MDD
¢Genetic Factors
¢Biochemical Factors
--Low activity of 2 neurotransmitter chemicals, norepinephrine and serotonin.
¢Brain anatomy and brain circuits
Psychodynamic view on MDD
Loss
-real or imagined
Freud-some kind of loss in childhood.
Behavioral Perspective
Negative Life Events
3x more likely to have experienced a negative life even in the year prior to onset of depressive episodes. (Shrout et al., 1989)
Lewinsohn's Behavioral Theory
stressor leads to reduction in reinforcers --> person withdraws --> reinforcers further reduced --> more withdrawl and depression
Beck's Cognitive Model of Depression
¢Negative thoughts influence how we feel and act.
¢Depression characterized by the cognitive triad:
--Negative thinking about the self, the world, and the future
Errors in thinking-Overgeneralization
Beck's Cognitive Model
¢Depression is associated with errors in thinking or cognitive biases
-Overgeneralization
--all or nothing. If someone doesn’t like me, everybody hates me.
Automatic Thoughts
Beck's Cognitive Model
Negative thoughts that occur automatically in response to a situation.
Schemas
Beck's Cognitive Model
Enduring, organized representations of prior experiences that guides the way people perceive and interpret environmental events.
Formation of dysfunctional schemas
Beck's Cognitive Model
Early experience --> form errors in thinking --> form schemas
ex: father leaves family when patient was a child --> he left b/c he doesn't love me --> I am unlovable
Another experience "schema relavant" -> activation of negative schemas -> negative automatic thoughts -> destress => mood/negative verbalizations
ex: significant other breaks up with person -> I'm unlovable -> He left b/c he didn't love me, nobody could love me -> destress => ""
Seligman's Learned Helplessness
no control over reward/punishment
-feel at fault for helplessness
Attribution-Helplessness Theory
Unstable vs. Stable
Specific vs. Global
External vs. Internal
Socialcultural Views
¢Family Social Perspective
-Lack of social contact/social support contributes to depression
-Depression may last longer w/ less social support.
Biological factors of Bipolar
¢Neurotransmitters
-High levels of NE, low levels of 5-HT
¢Ion Activity
-Neurons fire too easily or are too resistive to firing
¢Brain Structure
-Basal ganglia, cerebellum, amygdala, prefrontal cortex
Genetic factors of Bipolar
¢Inherited risk
¢If your sibling has it your risk is 5-10%
-Compared to 1-2.5% normally
¢Likely many genes
Unipolar disorders
MDD
Dysthymia
Bipolar Disorders
Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Cyclothymia
Most likely to have...
¢Lifetime prevalence
-17% for MDD
-3% for Dysthymic Disorder
¢Women 2x more likely than men
-Lifetime prevalence: 26% of women vs 12% of men
-Among children, the prevalence is similar among boys and girls
Men are more likely to have it as children than adults.
Other epidemiological factors
¢Average age of onset: 34yrs
¢Most people have multiple episodes
¢Common comorbidities:
-Anxiety Disorders most common (40%)
-Also substance abuse (18%)
cycling
§Bipolar patients often shift between mood states, which is called cycling.
§Patients average about one cycle every two years (median is 18 months)
§Rapid cycling occurs if there are 4 or more cycles in a year.
Artifact theory
women and men are equally prone to depression but that clinicians often fail to detect depression in men.
perhaps b/c men find it less socially acceptable to admit feeling depressed or to seek treatment.
perhaps women display more emotional symptoms while depressed men mask their depression.
Turns out women are no more willing or able than men to identify their depressive symptoms and to seek treatment.
Hormone explanation
hormone changes trigger depression in many women.
Research suggests that hormone changes alone are not alone responsible for the high levels of depression in women.
explanation has been criticized since it implies that a woman's normal biology is flawed.
life stress theory
women in our society experience more stress than men. On average they face more poverty, more mental jobs, less adequate housing, and more discrimination than men-all factors that have been linked to depression.
body dissatisfaction explanation
females in western society are taught to seek a low body weight and slender body shape-goals that are unreasonable, unhealthy, and often unattainable.
consistent w/ this theory, gender differences in depression do first appear during adolescence.
However, it is not clear that eating and weight concerns actuallly cause depression; they may instead be the result of depression
lack of control theory
women may be more prone to depression b/c they feel less control than men over their lives.
Some studies have suggested that women are more prone to develop learned helplessness in the lab.
Women in our society are more likely than men to be victims, particularly of sexual assault and child abuse which leads onto learned helplessness.
self-blame explanation
Women are more likely than men to blame their failures on lack of ability and to attribute their successes to luck, which can be linked to depression.
However, studies suggest that today's women and men may not differ as much as they used to in their levels of self-esteem and self-blame.
However, studies suggest that today's women and men may not differ as much as they used to in their levels of self-esteem and self-blame.
Rumination theory
Research shows that people who ruminate whenever they feel sad are more likely to become depressed and stay depressed longer. Women are more likely to ruminate than men when their mood darkens.
MDD symptoms
1)depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day
2)markedly diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities
3)significant weight loss or weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite
4)insomnia or hypersomnia
5)psychomotor agitation or retardation
6)fatigue or loss of energy
7)feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
8)reduced ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness
9)recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, a suicide attempt, or a specific plan for committing suicide
Unstable vs Stable
Attribution helplessness theory
Example Event: You fail your Abnormal Psychology exam.
“I had a rough day.” vs “I’ll never get good grades.”
Specific vs Global
Attribution helplessness theory
Example Event: You fail your Abnormal Psychology exam.
“Christine is unfair.” vs “Professors are unfair.”
External vs Internal
Attribution helplessness theory
Example Event: You fail your Abnormal Psychology exam.
“The test was difficult.” vs “I’m stupid.”
Errors in Thinking-Arbitary inferences
Beck's Cognitive Model
¢Depression is associated with errors in thinking or cognitive biases
-Arbitrary inferences
--usually negative. “that person didn’t wave to me because I’m a horrible person”
Errors in Thinking-Minimizing/Magnifying
Beck's Cognitive Model
¢Depression is associated with errors in thinking or cognitive biases
-Minimizing/Magnifying
--“well, maybe you should be nicer” “I’m really nice but everyone hates me”
reactive (exogenous) depression
follows clear-cut stressful events
hard to tell b/c even if a stressful event occured before the onset of depression, that depression may not be reactive; just a coincidence.
which is why clinicians usually concentrate on recognizing the situational and internal aspects of any given case.
endogenous depression
a response to internal factors
About this deck
By: Teresa Ibanez
Created: 2011-10-31
Size: 56 flashcards
Views: 29
Created: 2011-10-31
Size: 56 flashcards
Views: 29
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy