Exam 2 Review
Geography 148 with Nuckolls at University of Kansas
About this deck
By: Amy Dauer
Textbook:
Principles of Environmental Science: Inquiry and Applications
Created: 2008-11-04
Size: 95 flashcards
Views: 29
Textbook:
Principles of Environmental Science: Inquiry and ApplicationsCreated: 2008-11-04
Size: 95 flashcards
Views: 29
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Karl Marx's view on human population growth
High fertility rates are RESULT of poverty, resource depletion, and inequalities
Thomas Malthus' view on human population growth
Population increase at exponential
Food production is linear
When population exceeds food, point of crisis
Food production is linear
When population exceeds food, point of crisis
Population Dynamics
The change in population size through time
Biotic Potential
Maximum reproductive rate of an organism
Biotic Potential depends on 3 things...
1) How soon an individual will reproduce
2) How often reproduction occurs
3) How many offspring are born each time
2) How often reproduction occurs
3) How many offspring are born each time
Demography
Study of age-specific patterns
Life Table
summary table of age-specific patterns of birth and death
3 important events in human demographic history
1) Agricultural revolution
2) Black Death
3) Industrial Revolution
2) Black Death
3) Industrial Revolution
Fecundity
physical ability to reproduce
Fertility
actual production of offspring
crude birth rate
# of births/year/thousand of people
total fertility rate
# of children born to an average woman during her reproductive life
zero population growth
births+immigration=Death+emmigration
Dependency Ratio
# of nonworking individuals compared to working individuals
Demographic Transition
Falling death rates followed by falling birth rates due to increased living conditions
Biomes
Major regional types of ecosystems characterized by distinctive biological communities
Biome Distribution depends on 2 things...
1)Temperature
2) Rainfall
2) Rainfall
Vertical Zonation
vegetation zonest hat change with altitude
Desert
Evaporation exceeds precipitation
Slow-growing vegetation
Soil recovers slowly
Slow-growing vegetation
Soil recovers slowly
Grasslands
Sufficient precipitation for grasses, but susceptible to drought and fire
-Temperate, Tropical (Savannas), Tundra
-Temperate, Tropical (Savannas), Tundra
Chaparral
shrub land with cool, rainy winters and dry, hot summers
Forests
Landscape dominated by tress
Photic Zone
portion in which light penetrates
Pelagic zone
open ocean
Highly motile animals
Highly motile animals
Benthic zone
Ocean bottom
Littoral or intertidal zone
wetland at the edge of ocean where water meets land
Coral Reefs
warm tropical waters
Colonies formed by tiny animals in mutalistic relationship with algae
Colonies formed by tiny animals in mutalistic relationship with algae
Mangroves
salt-tolerant trees along warm coasts
Stabilize shorelines
Rich in nutrients
Stabilize shorelines
Rich in nutrients
Estuaries
productive areas where rivers meet the ocean
Lake- Littoral zone
shoreline area
Epillimnon
surface layer of open water
Warmer water
Warmer water
Hypolimnon
Deeper, colder water
Thermocline
Sharp temperature boundaries
Wetland
Hydrology
Hydrology
water at or near surface for a long enough period of time to develop anoxic soil conditions (no oxygen)
Wetland
Hydrophyte
Hydrophyte
"water-loving" plant
Swamps
Forested wetland
High in nutrients and high productivity
High in nutrients and high productivity
Marshes
nutrient-rich water and lack of trees
Biodiversity
variety of living things in a given area
3 ways biodiversity is measured
1) genetic- variety of genes found in an individual species
2) Species- # of species
3) Ecological- richness or complexity of biological community
2) Species- # of species
3) Ecological- richness or complexity of biological community
Biodiversity Hotspots
large number of endangered and threatened species
endemic species
species that are unique to that location
HIPPO
Habitat destruction
Invasive Species
Pollution
Population (human)
Over exploitation (overharvesting)
Invasive Species
Pollution
Population (human)
Over exploitation (overharvesting)
Threatened Species
likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future
Endangered Species
one that is in danger of extinction
Indicator species
an organism taht serves as and index ecosystem health
keystone species
plays a critical role in a biological community that is out of proportion to its abundance
flagship species
used to motivate people to preserve communities and contribute to conservation
umbrella species
require large blocks of land preserving the umbrella species preserves the entire community
Chronically undernourished
A diet that does not provide the necessary energy per day for a healthy productive lifestyle
Famines
Acute food shortages characterized by massive starvation, social disruption, and economic chaos
Causes of famines
1) environmental conditions-immediate trigger
2)politics and economics
2)politics and economics
malnourishment
lack of specific nutrients in the diet, inability to absorb or use essential nutrients
Richer countries have too much/too little
Too Much: meat, salt fat
Too little: fiber vitamins, minerals
Too little: fiber vitamins, minerals
obesity
roughly 30 lbs overweight
Kwashiorkor
"displaced child"
Occurs in children whose diet lacks high quality protein *malnourished
Occurs in children whose diet lacks high quality protein *malnourished
Marasmus
"to waste away"
Caused by diet low in both protein and calories
Caused by diet low in both protein and calories
anemia
iron deficiency
Monoculture
single crop on large area of land often single genetic variety
Soil
A mixture of weathered minerals and partially decomposed organic matter
Soil Layers
O horizon
A horizon
E horizon
B horizon
A horizon
E horizon
B horizon
Sheet erosion
water flowing over a gently sloping area that removes a thin uniform layer of soil
Rill erosion
little rivulets of running water gather together and cut small channels in the soil
Most common on ag lands
Most common on ag lands
Gully erosion
occurs when rill erosion develops larger channels not easily dealt with by tilling
Salinization
water from irrigation dissolved mineral walts; when water evaporates, surface layers have accumulation of salts
Sustainable Agriculture
ecologically sound, econmically viable, and socially just ag system
Topography management
reducing water runoff or wind speed, reduces erosion
contour plowing
plowing across the hill along its contour to slow the water
strip farming
planting different crops in alternating strips along contours
Terracing
shaping lnd to create level shelves of earth to hold water and soil
Stewardship
philosophy that holds that humans have a unique responsibility to manage and improve nature
Integrated pest management
ecologically based pest-control strategy that integrates use of cultivation practices, biological control and limited use of pesticides
Genetic Engineering
splicing a gene from one organism to another
health
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
Disease
a harmful change in the body's condition in response to an environment factor
Morbidity
illness
Mortality
death
Emergent diesase
one that was not previously known, or one that has been absent for at least 20 years
Toxins
any chemical that can cause temporary or permanent harm or death to human or animals
allergens
substances that activate the immune system
immune system depressants
weaken the immune system so that it is less able to fight off disease
Neurotoxins
poisinous to nerve cells
mutagens
agents that damage genetic material
teratogens
agents that damage developing embryos or fetuses
before birth
before birth
carcinogens
substances that cause cancer
endocrine hormone disrupters
substances that either block or mimic natural hormones
Solubility
degree to which the toxin dissolves in another substance
Water soluble
move rapidly through the environment, easily in and out of cell
Fat soluble
need a carrier to move through the environment or body well
bioaccumulation
the selective absorption and storage of molecules
biomagnification
toxic molecules accumulated in a large number of organisms in a lower trophic level are accumulated and concentrated in an organism in a higher trophic level
persistent chemicals
do not break down quickly under most environmental conditions
synergism
an interaction in which one substance makes the effects on another worse
acute effect
immediate health effect caused by a single exposure to a toxin
chronic effect
long lasting or permanent health effect
risk
probability of harm times probability of exposure
About this deck
By: Amy Dauer
Textbook: Principles of Environmental Science: Inquiry and Applications
Created: 2008-11-04
Size: 95 flashcards
Views: 29
Textbook:
Principles of Environmental Science: Inquiry and ApplicationsCreated: 2008-11-04
Size: 95 flashcards
Views: 29
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
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