Exam 2 study guide

both igneous, oceanic is made of basalt(more dense from iron), and continental crust is made out of granite

oxygen, silicon, quartz, feldspar.

Mainly granite that has lots of quartz in it. Quartz is not easily weathered, it stays put or is transferred over time.

bauxite is where aluminum comes from.

banded iron formations from millions of years ago.

table salt is sodium chloride and form when water containing sodium and chloride evaporates.

a mineral resource is any mineral deposit existing on earth. a reserve is a small amount of a mineral deposit that is easy to extract from and viable.

stone sand and gravel 87% next is cement at 3.5% after that is salt 1.5% then phosphate rock at 1.1% clay is 1% Metals- Iron 1.6% aluminum .31% copper .072 lead .05 zinc .03 gold .01 ALL OTHER MINERALS 3.7

Primarily forms as a result of weathering of rocks (physical and chemical); Parent material, living organisms, climate and topography plus TIME

granite-sand(quartz) and clay(feldspar)
limestone-clay
ask what weathers into sand?

parent material weathers into its aggregate materials, living organisms add organic matter, overtrun soil and create passageways, climate(temp/rainfall) determines weathering and density of soil, topography controls processses that influence soils ilfiltation, eosion, chemical weathering and organism type, and time is what it takes for soil horizons to develop.

mollisols

the ogalala aquifer, resevoirs, and wells.

• Permeability: connectivity of pore spaces to each other. You need BOTH porosity and permeability to have a good place to get groundwater from
• Porosity: proportion of rock that is open space | 50-80% is high, 1-10% is low
  

mostly air fills the spaces here not much h2o

unconfined(locally recharged, water infiltrates unimpeted through unsaturated zones, has water table, p water=p atm and fluctuates in response to rain fall)
confined(restriced by overlying impermeable laters, p h2o>patm, recharged at higher elevation, no water table instead has potentiometric surface)
perched(water bearing occurs above water table, lies on impermeable layer, locally recharged)

inflow compared to outflow

Fossil Fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas.
Formed:remains of organisms that have been transformed by decay, heat, and pressure into energy rich molecules 65 to 300 million years old

energy to run machinery and vehicles, light, heat, and building cooling

peat- lowest water soaked mass of unconsolidated mat.
lignite- can be 50% water by weight
sub bituminous,heated less water and more carbon bytweight bituminous more carbon
anthracite-nearly pure carbon(burns cleanly)

US China and Russia have the most coal deposits, but the OPEC countries like saudi arabia kuwait and iran have lots of oil.

Any configuration of rocks that allows hyrdrocarbons to accumulate. several types in fifferent soil layers. sometime in the past we had organic matter that was deposited by plankton(zoo and phyto) this has been compressed and cooked into shale..as this layer is being pressed,

Primary migration: process involved in movement of generated hydrocarbons from fine grained low permeiability source rock into highly permeable carrier beds.

Secondary migration: process involved in movement of hydrocarbons within permeable formations and fractures owing to pressure differences, buoyance, or diffusion.

Entrapment: Confinement of hydrocarbons at faults,formation boundaries or pinch-outs owing to capillary pressure greater than buoyant force

A necessary part of an oil trap. The cap rock is impermeable and hence keeps upwardly mobile oil and gas from escaping at the surface.Another layer of shale(impermeable)

high pressure possibly high hear with foliation and pushies ductile rocks together. can be a petroleum trap. look up in book

where the petroleum is held under cap rock page 410-411. when there is no cap rock the surface forms oil seeps.

if we as people use something at a rate that is lesser than the use rate. when a non renewable resource is made into a renewable resource. preservable for the next generations

the ability of a previously used material to be used as a resource in the manufacture of a new product. human endeavor

rate of formation for natural formation. time it takes for natural resource to be used ratio to formation

we use it too quickly.

mass balance equation

the eroded necks of volcanoes that have erupted
explosively from greater depths
contain peridotites
ones with diamonds in Archean regions of the craton
dont happen everywhere. they reach into the pper mantle and bring up diamonds.