Exam 2 Study Guide
Biology 102 with Rowe at University of Tennessee - Knoxville
About this deck
By: James Fliss
Textbook:
Biology: Concepts and Connections
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections with MasteringBiology® (7th Edition)
Created: 2011-02-20
Size: 37 flashcards
Views: 676
Textbook:
Biology: Concepts and Connections Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections with MasteringBiology® (7th Edition)Created: 2011-02-20
Size: 37 flashcards
Views: 676
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Which Element was probably NOT present in the early, primative earth?
Oxygen
What energy sources were present in early Earth?
Intense volcanic activity, lightning, and UV radiation
What were the first Organisms?
Prokaryotes
What are protobionts?
packages of polymers
What were the first organisms composed of?
Proteins
When the Earth's atmosphere changed, what did this suggest?
Suggests the evolution of oxygen-releasing photosynthesis
What is abiotic synthesis?
nonliving composition
What similarities do protobionts and modern-day cells share?
Structural organization Simple reproduction
Simple metabolism Simple homeostasis
What does life require?
Homeostasis and self-replication
Prokaryotes are very important to Eukaryotes. Why?
:Prokaryotes lived alone on Earth for 1.5 billion
years.
:Virtually all metabolic pathways evolved within
prokaryotes
:
The eukaryotic cell probably originated as a
community of prokaryotes
What is a fossil record?
Documents the main events in the history of life. Chronicles Macroevolution
What is radiometric dating? Know the difference between Carbon-14 and Potassium-40
Measures the decay of radioactive isotopes
Can gauge the actual ages of fossils and the rocks in which
they are found
Carbon-14 can date fossils up to 75,000 yrs old
Potassium-40, with a half-life of 1.3 billion yrs, can be
used to date volcanic rocks
Can gauge the actual ages of fossils and the rocks in which
they are found
Carbon-14 can date fossils up to 75,000 yrs old
Potassium-40, with a half-life of 1.3 billion yrs, can be
used to date volcanic rocks
What is continental drift?
is the slow, continuous movement of Earth’s crustal plates on the hot mantle
How did the Himalayans form?
–India’s collision with Eurasia 55 million years ago led to the formation of the Himalayas
What is Pangaea?
The supercontinent Pangaea, which formed 250 million years ago, altered habitats and triggered the greatest mass extinction in Earth’s history
Over the last 600 million years, how many mass extinctions have occured?
Over the last 600 million years, five mass
extinctions have occurred in which 50% or more
of the Earth’s species went extinct
What are the two most remembered mass extinctions and what occured during each of the two?
Cretaceous extinction
65 million years ago
– All dinosaurs went extinct
– cause was a large asteroid
Permian extinction
– 96% of shallow water marine species died.
Extreme vulcanism in Siberia released CO2, warmed
global climate, slowed mixing of ocean water,
What is adaptive radiation?
a group of organisms forms
new species, whose adaptations allow them to fill
new habitats or roles in their communities
A rebound in diversity follows mass extinctions as
survivors become adapted to vacant ecological
niches
new species, whose adaptations allow them to fill
new habitats or roles in their communities
A rebound in diversity follows mass extinctions as
survivors become adapted to vacant ecological
niches
How does Evo-Devo tie in with homeotic genes? Remember homeotic genes are master controliong genes, timing has a lot to do with it
Changes in genes that alter the timing, rate, and
spatial pattern of growth alter the adult form of an
organism
Changes in these genes have led to the huge
diversity in body forms!
What does paedomorphic mean?
retaining juvenile traits into adulthood
What is an exaptation?
the gradual adaptation of existing structures to new functions
Is evolution goal-directed? If not, why does it appear as though it is?
:Evolution is not goal directed
:Natural selection results from the interactions
between organisms and their environment
:If the environment changes, apparent evolutionary
trends may cease or reverse
:Natural selection results from the interactions
between organisms and their environment
:If the environment changes, apparent evolutionary
trends may cease or reverse
What is phylogeny?
is the evolutionary history of a species
or group of species
What is convergent evolution?
Analogous similarities result from
convergentevolution
in similar environments
2 scientists named that are responsible for the classification shcemes we use today, and which person belongs to which system?
Woese: 3 Domain Classification 1) Bacteria. 2) Archaea. 3) Eukarya
Linnaeus: 5 Kingdom Classification 1) Monera. 2) Protista. 3) Fungi. 4) Plantae. 5) Animalia.
The correct order of the progressively larger generas?
Family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain
What is the classification system we use today? What is it based on? How many groups are eukaryotes?
The 3 Domains. 3 groups are classified as eukaryotes
What are two examples of horizontal gene transfer?
1. Gene transfer between a mitochondrial ancestor and
the ancestor of eukaryotes,
2. Gene transfer between a chloroplast ancestor and
the ancestor of green plants.
What are Stromatolites? What type of Prokaryotes are found there?
Fossilized stromatolites from 3 billion years ago contain the fossils of photosynthetic cyanobacteria
–These bacteria produced O2 and made Earth’s atmosphere aerobic
What does the term pathogenic mean?
disease causing
What is an opportunistic pathogen?
A pathogen that is triggered by a lack of immunity after being dorment
What are three morphologies of bacteria?
Bacilli, Cocci, Spirochete
What is the major difference between bacterial and archaea cell walls?
:Polysaccharides, glycoproteins, etc.
:Peptidoglycan
What does it mean to be Gram-positive or Gram-negative?
–Gram-positive bacteria have simple walls with a thick layer of peptidoglycan
–Gram-negative bacteria have complex walls with less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane of lipids bonded to carbohydrates
What are pili? Are they different from flagella and cilia?
Some prokaryotes stick to the substrate or each other with hair-like appendages called pili
How can prokaryotes withstand harsh conditions?
by forming endospores within an outer cell
–The endospore has a thick protective coat
–It can dehydrate and is tolerant of extreme heat or cold
When conditions improve, the endospore absorbs water and resumes growth, sometimes after centuries
About this deck
By: James Fliss
Textbook: Biology: Concepts and Connections
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections with MasteringBiology® (7th Edition)
Created: 2011-02-20
Size: 37 flashcards
Views: 676
Textbook:
Biology: Concepts and Connections Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections with MasteringBiology® (7th Edition)Created: 2011-02-20
Size: 37 flashcards
Views: 676
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis