Exam 2

Biology 1801 with Mc Cleneghan at Appalachian State University

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By: Kay Nichols
Created: 2011-09-25
Size: 46 flashcards
Views: 21

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Antiporters

_________ bind 2 or more ions or proteins through the cell membrane, one into and one out of the cell

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Common ways for cell communication

1) Direct Intracellular connection

2) Contact-dependent signaling

3) Paracrine signaling

4) Autocrine signaling

Collagen

- Is important in the ECM for cartilage and bone

- Is produced from polymers of amino acids

Aquaporin

Speeds up water transfer through cell membranes in organs like the kidney and bladder

Chitin

An important polysaccharide in the production of the exoskeleton of many insects and fish

polysaccharide impotant in ECM of invertebrates

What do we call molecules involved in long distance signaling?

Hormones

Water held behind a dam would best be described as.....

Potential energy

Hypotonic

If there are more like molecules outside the cell than inside the cell, the inside of the cell would be hypotonic

Passive diffusion

- requires no energy

- is spontaneous

- will occur as long as the membrane is permeable to the solute

- does NOT require a transmembrane protein

glycosaminoglycans

The most abundant polysaccharide in ECM in verebrates

Direct Intercellular Signaling

Cell junctions allow signaling molecules to pass from one cell to another

Contact dependent signaling

Some molecules are bound to the surface of cells and serve as signals to cell coming in contact with them

Autocrine

Cells secrete signaling molecules that bind to their own cell surface or neighboring cells of the same type

Paracrine Signaling

Signal does not affect cell secreting the signal but does influence cells in close proximity (synaptic signaling)

Endocrine Signaling

Signals (hormones) travel long distances and are usually longer lasting

3 stages of Cell signaling

1) Receptor Activation

- signaling molecule binds to receptor

2) Signaling transduction

- activated receptor signals sequence of changes

3)Cellular Response

- alter activity of one or more enzymes

- alter structural protein fxn

- change gene expression

Factors of Fluidity

1) length of fatty acid tail

2) presence of double bonds in fatty acid tail

3) heat makes membrane fluid

4) Cold makes membrane less permeable

5) Glycoprotein composition

6) Cholesterol

Unsaturated

Double bonds in fatty acid chain

Makes membranes more fluid

Saturated

straight fatty acid chains

less fluid

Tonicity

Fluid goes against or with the gradient

Plasmodesmada

Channels through the cell walls that allow for cell to cell communication

Exergonic reaction

A chemical reaction where the change in G(free energy) is negative, indicating a spontaneous reaction

Endergonic Reaction

The total change in G (free energy) is positive, meaning it requires more energy to start the reaction and is not spontaneous

Cellular Membranes are

fluid.

What determines the fate of a chemical reaction in a cell?

its enzyme and rate

What are the laws of Thermodynamics?

1) The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it is also called the law of conservation of energy

2) The second law states that the transfer of energy or the transformation of energy from one form to another increases the entropy, or degree of disorder of a system

Proteoglycans are......

- A major component of the animal extracellular matrix, the "filler" substance existing between cells in an organism

- Provide resistance to compression

What structures are composed of ECM?

Cartilage

Ligaments

Main lipids found in membranes is....

The cell membrane consists primarily of a thin layer of amphipathic phospholipids and glycolipids

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure required to keep water from moving across the cell membrane

Free Energy

The amount of available energy available to promote change or do work

Elastin

ECM molecule that provides structure but allows tissue to move and contract (lungs, heart, intestines)

The primary function of an enzyme or catalyst is to....

reduced the energy of activation and increase the rate of a reaction.

Active Transport

1) Primary - uses energy directly via ATP

2) Secondary - doesn't use a direct source, uses a concentration gradient

Na+/K+-ATPase pump

- Active transport of K+(potassiium) into the cell and Na+ (sodium) out of the cell

- Utilizes energy from ATP

- Used to generate a sodium potassium gradient across the cell membrane

- produces and electrical gradient across the membrane

Functions of cellular membranes

- Cell compartmentalization

- Cell signaling

Transporters

Carriers bind their solutes in a hudrophilic pocket and undergo a conformational change that switches the exposure of the pocket from one side of the cell to the other.

Primary active transport

invloves the function of a pump which directly requires energy to transport a soulte against a gradient

Secondary Active Transport

involves the use of a pre-existing gradient to drive the active transport of another solute

Glycosylation

Covalently attaching a carbohydrate to a protein or lipid

Facilitated diffusion

Movement through membranes with aid of a transport protein

No energy required

Moves with concentration gradient

Catalyst

Speeds up the rate of chemical reaction without disappearing

Enzymes

Protein catalysts in living cells

Catabolic Pathways

Result in a breakdown (exergonic)

Anabolic Pathways

promote cell synthesis and need energy

About this deck

By: Kay Nichols
Created: 2011-09-25
Size: 46 flashcards
Views: 21

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj