Exam 2
Psychology 101 with Sklar at Indiana University-Bloomington
About this deck
By: Patrick Brown
Created: 2011-10-02
Size: 74 flashcards
Views: 48
Created: 2011-10-02
Size: 74 flashcards
Views: 48
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Neuron
Hightly speacialized cell that communicates information in electrical and chemical form; a nerve cell
Sensory Neuron
Type of neuron that brings information FROM the body to the brain.
Motor Neuron
Type of neuron that SENDS information from the brain to the body. Involved in muscle contraction and relaxation.
Synaptic Gap
The tiny space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of an adjoining neuron
Dendrites
Multiple short fibers that extend from the nueron's cell body and receive information from other neurons or from sensory receptor cells
Synaptic Vesicles
Tiny pouches or sacs in the axon terminals that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters
Axon
The long, fluid-filled tube that carries a neuron's messages to other body areas
Cell Body
Processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function; contains the cell's nucleus; also called the soma
Axon Terminals
Branches at the end of the axon that contain tiny pouches, or sacs, called synaptic vescicles
Neurotransmitters
Housed inside synaptic vescicles, send information from one nueron to another
Phrenology
A discredited pseudoscientific theory of the brain that claimed that personality characteristics, moral character, and intelligence could be determined by examining the bumps on a person’s skull
Myelin Sheath
A white, fatty covering wrapped around the axons of some neurons that increases their communication speed
Glial Cells
Support cells that assist neurons by providing structural support, nutrition, and removal of cell wastes; manufacture myelin
Hindbrain
A region at the base of the brain that contains several structures that regulate basic life functions
Midbrain
The middle and smallest brain region, involved in processing auditory and visual sensory information
Forebrain
The largest and most complex brain region, which contains centers for complex behaviors and mental processes; also called the cerebrum
Corpus Callosum
A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them
Hindbrain Contains:
1) Medulla
2) Reticular Formation
3) Pons
4) Cerebellum
Pons
A hindbrain structure that connects the medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum; helps coordinate and integrate movements on each side of the body
Pons and cerebellum work hand in hand to let your hand and hand (left and right) work together
Reticular Formation
A network of nerve fibers located in the center of the medulla that helps regulate attention, arousal, and sleep; also called the reticular activating system
Cerebellum
A large, two-sided hindbrain structure at the back of the brain; responsible for muscle coordination and maintaining posture and equilibrium
Pons and cerebellum work hand in hand to let your hand and hand (left and right) work together
Medulla
A hindbrain structure that controls vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and circulation
Midbrain(?) Contains:
1) Hypothalamus
2) Thalamus
3) Pituitary Gland
4) Amygdala
5) Hippocampus (technically in forebrain, wrapped around the Thalamus)
6) Substantia Nigra
Substantia Nigra
An area of the midbrain that is involved in motor control and contains a large concentration of dopamine-producing neurons
Amygdala
Almond-shaped cluster of neurons in the brain’s temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear; part of the limbic system
Pituitary Gland
Endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain that secretes hormones that affect the function of other glands as well as hormones that act directly on physical processes
Hippocampus
A curved forebrain structure that is part of the limbic system and is involved in learning and forming new memories
Hypothalamus
A peanut-sized forebrain structure that is part of the limbic system and regulates behaviors related to survival, such as eating, drinking, and sexual activity
Thalamus
A forebrain structure that processes sensory information for all senses, except smell, and relays it to the cerebral cortex
What are the lobes of the brain?
1) Temporal Lobe
2) Occipital Lobe
3) Parietal Lobe
4) Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information (tempo)
Occipital Lobe
An area at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that is the primary receiving area for visual information (opto)
Parietal Lobe
An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex located above the temporal lobe that processes somatic sensations (voluntary movements)
Frontal Lobe
The largest lobe of each cerebral hemisphere; processes voluntary muscle movements and is involved in thinking, planning, and emotional control
Hormones
Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream primarily by endocrine glands
Action Potential
A brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted along the axon of a neuron (+30microvolts)
Resting Potential
State in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate its message if it receives sufficient stimulation (-70microvolts)
All-or-None Law
The principle that either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated and an action potential does not occur
Synapse
The point of communication between two neurons
Peripheral Nervous System
Division of the nervous system that includes all the nerves lying outside the central nervous system.
Contains the somatic (voluntary), and autonomic (involuntary - sympathetic and parasympathetic) nervous systems
Contains the somatic (voluntary), and autonomic (involuntary - sympathetic and parasympathetic) nervous systems
Central Nervous System
Division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
Autonomic Nervous System
Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary functions
Has two branches: sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous systems
Sympathetic Nervous System
Branch of the autonomic nervous system that produces rapid physical arousal in response to perceived emergencies or threats
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Branch of the autonomic nervous system that maintains normal bodily functions and conserves the body’s physical resources
Functional Plasticity
The brain’s ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas
Structural Plasticity
The brain’s ability to change its physical structure in response to learning, active practice, or environmental influences
Limbic System
A group of forebrain structures that form a border around the brainstem and are involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory. Hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala!
Difference between prefrontal lobes in adult brain and adolescent brain
The prefrontal lobes are not fully developed until one is an adult (23)
Suppression
Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously
Repression
The unconscious exclusion of anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious awareness; the most fundamental ego defense mechanism
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter that causes muscle contraction and is involved in memory function. Associated with Alzheimer's Disease.
Dopamine
Neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of bodily movement, thought processes, and rewarding sensations. Associated with Parkinson's Disease and Schizophrenia.
Serotonin
Neurotransmitter involved in sleep and emotions. Low levels linked with depression.
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory; also a hormone manufactured by adrenal glands.
Endorphins
Neurotransmitters that regulate pain perceptions
Presynaptic Neurons
Axons end in terminal buttons
Postsynaptic Neurons
Dendrites contain receptor sites
Which neurotransmitter is associated with Parkinson's Disease and Schizophrenia?
Dopamine (low levels = Parkinson's, high levels = Schizophrenia)
What neurotransmitter is assoicated with depression?
Serotonin
Hemispheric Specialization
The principle that each side of the brain is better at certain tasks than others.
Alzheimer's Disease
A progressive disease that destroys the brain’s neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common form of dementia
Retrograde Amnesia
Loss of memory, especially for episodic information; backward-acting amnesia
Amnesia
Severe memory loss
Prefrontal Lobes/Cortex
The foremost part of the frontal lobes; used for organization, planning of action, and aspects of memory
Broca's Area
Known to play a crucial role in speech production, but in the sense that their sentences made sense but they just had trouble speaking/saying words. Also associated with language comprehension.
Wenicke's Area
Also associated with speech, but in the sense that their sentences made no sense logically yet could be spoken quickly and easily
Primary Motor Cortex
Located in a band of tissue on the frontal lobe. This is where signals are SENT TO body regions to coordinate bodily movement. Uses motor neurons.
Somatosensory Cortex
A band of tissue on the parietal lobe. This is where signals are RECEIVED FROM the body like touch, temp., pressure, etc. Uses sensory neurons.
Spinal Reflex
Simple, automatic behaviors that occur without any brain involevemnt, like withdrawl reflex
Endocrine System
Uses the bloodstream rather than neurons to release hormones
Hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which controls hormone release
Hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which controls hormone release
Cerebral Cortex
Outer covering of both hemispheres; highest level of the brain, processes most complex information
Left brain skills:
Language, math, logic, grammar
Right brain skills:
Art, music, emotion, facial recognition
Ramashandran found out what:
Found out that in phanton limb patients, the area in the somatosensory cortex that receives info from cheek was merged with information from the arm that is now gone.
About this deck
By: Patrick Brown
Created: 2011-10-02
Size: 74 flashcards
Views: 48
Created: 2011-10-02
Size: 74 flashcards
Views: 48
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy