Exam 2

Botany 131 with Huerta at Miami University of Ohio

About this deck

By: Matt Rotte
Textbook:

Plants and Society
Created: 2011-10-03
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 37

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Plasma Membrane

composed of proteins, lipids and some carbohyrdrates

Protoplasm location

everything toward the inside of the plasma membrane

Plant Cells made of

Cellulose- made of sugar glucose

What has Cell Walls

Plants, bacteria, and fungi

not animal cells

Cell Walls used to make

cloth from cotton, flax hemp and made into paper from cell wall

Paper Trees

Eucalyptus and yellow pine

Pulp used to make insulation

Cell Walls linen

flax plant

Cotton 3 things

used for cooking oil in potato chips

most important textile fiber

80% of natural fiber used

Cells are organized into

Tissues

Meristems

Cell Division occurs mostly at specific regions of the plant

Basic tissues of plants

1. Dermal -outer skin

2. Vascular-plumbing

3.. Ground - everything else

all occur in every part of plant

Shoot system

above ground

root system

below ground

Vegetative Organs

roots, stems, and leaves

reproductive organs

flowers

Prop Roots

serve as support

develop from stem above ground-adventitious roots

examples: corn, banyan tree, buttress roots of fig tree

Pneumatophores

–carry air to underground parts through “aerenchyma”

example:black mangrove tree, cypress knees

Epiphyte roots

Anchor roots on host stems

example: mistletoe

Contractile roots

–Help to pull bulb underground

example: corms, water hyacinth,

Storage roots

Store sugars and starches

example: carrot, sugar beet

Stems

•“Typically” above-ground portion of plant

•Tend to grow away from pull of gravity

example: morning glory-covers fence or trellis, Ponderosa pijne grows toward the sunlight

All Stems have

Vascualr tissue and buds

Buds

undeveloped tissue with apical meristem

Lenticels

stems always have them, roots don't.

-loosely arranged torn epidermal cells

-helps gas diffusion into stem

Rhizomes

Horizontal underground stem

ex: iris

Tubers

Thickened end of rhizome

ex: potato

Bulbs

Shortened, fattened underground stem with overlapping leaves

ex: onion

thorns

sharp stem with no leaves

Stolons

Horizontal above-ground stems growing along surface, making new plants

ex: strawberries, grass

Leaves

all have axillary buds

blade is leaf part, petiole is handle

Leaf attachment variation

1. Alternate

2. Opposite

3. Whorled

Dicot

vascular tissue in leaf is arranged like a net

Monocot

vascular tissue is arranged in parallel lines

Cuticle

Aerial surfaces of plants coated with thin layer of hydrophobic waxes

Prickles

"thorns" modified epidermal cells with no vascular tissue inside them

Petal-like Poinsettia Leaves

leaf modifications

Carnivorous Plants

Venus fly trap

plant pitcher

Traditional Agticulture

Characterized by large biodiversity in plants, animals, and insects and LOTS of manual labor, low chemical input, lots of recycling of matter

Modern Agriculture

Characterized by low biodiversity (monocultures), high input of fertilizers, fuels, pesticides, irrigation, low requirement for human power.

Deficiency in Hemp

Nitrogen Deficiency symptoms

First shown in older leaves

Yellowing of leaf known as Chlorosis

Deficiency in Soybeans

Iron Deficiency

first shown in younger leaves

chlorosis*

Fertilizer Bags

1. Nitrogen -N

2. Phosphorus -P

3. Potassium -K

Eutrophication

1)Excess nutrients in water cause algae to grow

2)Algae die and decay through bacterial action

3)Bacterial population explodes consuming oxygen

4)Fish and other creatures in water die due to lack of oxygen

Green Revolution

Dr. Norman Borlaug

•1) Plant monocultures of highly bred crops

•2) Use lots of fertilizer, pesticides and water

•3) Do multiple cropping per year if possible

•4) Develop fast-growing dwarf crops, especially in tropical/subtropical developing countries

Biodiversity Loss

-Loss and degradation of hanitat from clearing grasslands and forest and draining wetland

-FIsh kills from pesticide runoff

-killing of wild predators to protect livestock

-Loss of genetic diversity from replacing thousands of wild crop Strains with a few monoculture strains

Soil (bad)

erosion

loss of fertility

salinization

water logging

desertification

AIr Pollution

Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel issue

Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use

killing of wild predators to protect livestock

Pollution form pesticide sprays

Water

Aquifer depletion

Sediment pollution from erosion

FIsh kills from pesticide runoff

improve unsustainable agricultural

•Low till and no till farming

•Improved irrigation practices

•Use of GMO crops – Argument for GMO crops is debatable

(More on GMO crops later)

•Use of GPS to guide machinery in the field

Barley

Wild Barley- two rows of seeds

Domesticated - six rows of seeds

Transgenic

organisms, a subset of GMOs, are organisms which have inserted DNA that originated in a different species.

Cisgenic

Some GMOs contain no DNA from other species and are therefore not transgenic but

Gene Insertion-

Gene gun vs. Acrobacterium

leaf modifications

petal like- poinsettia leaves

tendrils-grab supporting structures (sweet peas)

Fleshy-storeage of food and water, onion

Bud scales-tiny modified leaves that cover new growth during winter

spines- cactus

Succulent-stone plants, thick succulent leaves for water storage and photoynthesis

Tendrils

grab supporting structures (sweet peas)

Fleshy

storeage of food and water, onion

Bud Scales

tiny modified leaves that cover new growth during winter

Succulent

stone plants, thick succulent leaves for water storage and photoynthesis

Stems always have them, roots don’t.

Lenticels

Taproot and Fibrous root difference

Taproot has one root, Fibrous has many

Examples of Prop Roots

Corn, Buttress root of fig tree, they are adventitious

Examples of Pneumatophores

Black Mangrove Tree, Cypress Knees

What do contractile roots do? What plants examples?

help pulls Bulb underground. Examples are corm or water hyacinth

What do all stems have?

all stems have vascular tissue and buds

What are Buds?

buds are undeveloped tissue with apical meristem

What are lenticels and its purposes

Loosely arranged epidermal cells, help gas diffusion into stem

Tubers must contain what?

They must contain at least one axillary bud or eye.

Thorns are? And have?

thorns are modified stems and have vascular tissue

Strawberries reproduce which sexually?

Asexual

All leaves have what? On where and where?

All leaves have axillary buds on the stem and base

Spines on a cactus are?

leaf midribs without the blade

Prickles are what? With?

prickles are modified epidermal cells with no vascular tissue inside of them

How many elements are essential to nature?

16/96

Macronutrients are? And what %? Micro?

Macro- need large amounts, less than 0.05% /micro-smaller amounts

Improvements to unsustainable agricultural practices?

Low till and no till farming

Improved irrigation practices

Use of GMO crops – Argument for GMO crops is debatable

Use of GPS to guide machinery in the field

About this deck

By: Matt Rotte
Textbook:

Plants and Society
Created: 2011-10-03
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 37

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis