Exam 2
Biology 109 with Sanstad at University of Wisconsin - Sheboygan
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Nucleus
Stores DNA
Ribosomes
Responsible for protein synthesis
Rough ER
Processing and modification of protiens
Smooth ER
Synthesizes phospholipids
Golgi Apparatus
Collects, sorts, packages and distributes material such as proteins and lipids
Lysosomes
Breakdown unwanted, foreign substances or worn out parts of cell
Where are Lysosomes produced?
in the Golgi Apparatus
Vaculoes
stores substances such as water, pigments, toxins
Peroxisomes
break down molecules producing Hydrogen peroxide
Chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis in plants
Mitochondria
site of cellular respiration
Cytoskeleton
maintains cell shape
Prophase of Mitosis
Nuclear membrane disappears
Centrosomes migrate
Spindle fibers appear
Centrosomes migrate
Spindle fibers appear
Metaphase of Mitosis
Chomosomes line up at the center
Anaphase of Mitosis
Centromeres divide
Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles by fibers
Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles by fibers
Telophase of Mitosis
Nuclear membrane reforms
Spindles disappear
Cytokinesis occurs
Spindles disappear
Cytokinesis occurs
Prophase I of Meiosis I
Homologous chromosomes pair during synapsis
Metaphase I of Meiosis I
Homologous chromosome pairs align at the center
Anaphase I of Meiosis I
Homologous chromosomes separate
Pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers
Pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers
Telophase I of Meiosis I
Daughter cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair
Interkinesis
Chromosomes still consist of two chromatids
Meiosis II
Sister chromotids separate, daughter nuclei are not genetically identical to parent cell
Results of Meiosis
Four haploid cells
Contain one copy of each chromosome and one allele of each gene
Each cell is unique, thanks to crossing over
Contain one copy of each chromosome and one allele of each gene
Each cell is unique, thanks to crossing over
Name three ways to generate genetic diversity.
Recombination (Crossing Over)
Independent Assortment
Mate Selection
Independent Assortment
Mate Selection
Independent Assortment
The homolog of one chromosome can be inherited with either homolog of a second chromosome
A nucleotide is composed of
Phosphate
Sugar
Base
Sugar
Base
Cellular Respiration
Complete oxidation
Waste products; water and carbon dioxide
36 ATP
Waste products; water and carbon dioxide
36 ATP
Fermentation
Incomplete oxidation
waste products; organic compounds
2 ATP
waste products; organic compounds
2 ATP
Enzyme Activation
Enzymes can be modified by adding/removing phosphate which changes the shape
Feedback Inhibition
The end product binds to the enzymes turning them off
Non-competitive inhibitors (allosteric)
Folds enzyme out of shape closing off the entrance to the active site, shutting the enzyme off
Competitive Inhibitor
Shuts the enzyme down completely because it binds completely with the enzyme
Apoenzyme
Protein portion of enzyme
Holoenzyme
The entire enzyme and all its parts
Coenzyme
Organic molecule bound to enzyme
Cofactor
Inorganic ion that improves the fit of an enzyme with its substrate
Oxidation
Loss of election (removed H+)
Reduction
Gain of electron (add H+)
Light-Dependent Reactions
Pigments absorb light energy, give up electrons which then enters the electron transport system
Water molecules are split, ATP & NADPH are formed and oxygen is released
Water molecules are split, ATP & NADPH are formed and oxygen is released
Noncyclic Electron Flow
Produces ATP and NADPH
Involves photolysis
Involves photolysis
Photolysis
Splitting of water
Cyclic Electron Flow
Electrons are donated by P700 to acceptor molecule, then flow thru electron transport system and back to P700.
Only ATP is products
Only ATP is products
Light-Independent Reactions
Synthesis part of photosynthesis
Takes place in the stroma
Involves the Calvin-Benson Cycle
Takes place in the stroma
Involves the Calvin-Benson Cycle
Calvin-Benson Cycle products what end products
Glucose
ADP
NADP+
(starts with RuBP and that gets regenerated)
ADP
NADP+
(starts with RuBP and that gets regenerated)
C3 Plants
Stomata closes on hot dry days, which results in the oxygen levels rising and CO2 levels dropping inside the leaf.
C4 Plants
CO2 is fixed twice
CO2 is fixed to form four-carbon oxaloacetate
Ocaloacetate is transferred to bundle-sheath cells (surround veins of leaves)
CO2 is released & fixed again in Calvin-Benson cycle
CO2 is fixed to form four-carbon oxaloacetate
Ocaloacetate is transferred to bundle-sheath cells (surround veins of leaves)
CO2 is released & fixed again in Calvin-Benson cycle
CAM Plants
CO2 is fixed twice in the same cell
At NIGHT, CO2 is fixed to form organic acids
During the DAY, CO2 is released & fixed in Calvin cycle
At NIGHT, CO2 is fixed to form organic acids
During the DAY, CO2 is released & fixed in Calvin cycle
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“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
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