Exam 2

The dorsal pathway which is the "where" pathway does what? (occipitoparietal)

It deals with transformations from moment to moment information about the location of objects.

Used for analyzing the spatial configuration between different objects.

The ventral pathway which is the "what" pathway does what? (occipitotemporal)

It supports visual perceptual representation of objects. Allows us to identify objects and attach meaning and to accumulate knowledge about the world.

Bilateral Lesions to the temporal Lobe in monkeys caused what type of difficulty?

Bilateral Lesions to the parietal Lobe in monkeys caused what type of difficulty?

Lesion to the temporal lobe: difficulty discriminating between shapes

Lesion to the parietal lobe: difficulty discriminating where an object is in relation to another.

The "what" pathway receives what type of input?

It receives bilateral input.

Would lesions to the right striate cortex and Left Inferior Temporal Cortex cause a problem in the what pathways communication?

No, because they are still able to communicate bilaterally through the corpus callosum.

What would happen if the corpus callosum were severed in the what pathway?

Object Discrimination would then be impaired.

The "where" pathway primarily receives what type of input?

It receives unilateral input.

unilateral Lesion to the right striate cortex and left parietal cortex would cause what kind of impairment in the where pathway?

There would be a severe deficit in object location.

The where pathway is primarily intrahemispheric.

What would happen when the corpus callosum was severed in relation to the where pathway?

There would be a small impairment in object location.

What type of neurons are good for the "where" pathway?

Parietal Neurons

What are the Parietal Neurons?

These neurons have a large receptive field
60% of these neurons have receptive fields outside of the fovea.
They have a non-selective response to small and large stimuli
Are ideally suited to detecting stimulus presence.

What type of neurons are good for the "what" pathway?

Temporal Neurons

What are Temporal Neurons?

They have a large receptive field
Receptive field always includes the fovea
Most objects are sensitive to objects in the left or right visual field.
Responds to complex objects, rather than lines or spots.
Ideally suited to detecting object identity.

What is it called when you have an impaired object recognition in the prescence of preserved perception?

Visual Agnosia

Lesions frequently fall along what pathway, that may extend into the parietal lobe?

The Ventral Pathway

In visual agnosia, what type of lesions tend to cause impairment?

Unilateral Lesions

When object recognition is intact, but visual information cannot be used to guide actions is what?

Optic Ataxia

In optic Ataxia what type of lesions are associated with it?

Parietal Cortex lesions

In patient D.F. what kind of damage did she have?

She suffered from bilateral ventral stream damage.

What type of impairments did D.F. suffer from?

Object recognition; perception in object dimension and orientation.

What was patient D.F able to perform?

calibration of grasping movements

What is object Recognition supported primarily by?

Shape/Form Perception

When the same object is recognized as such regardless of changes in viewpoint, lighting, and occlusion is what?

Object Constancy

What are two computational hurdles in object recognition?

Must be general enough to support object constancy
It must be specific enough to discriminate different exemplars from the same category.

When your perception depends on matching a visually represented object with a representation of that object stored in memory is called what?

View-Dependent Reference Frame

What is one disadvantage of the View-Dependent Frame?

Every object must have multiple representations in memory from different vantage points.

When your perception depends on certain object properties that are largely invariant across different views is called what?

View-Invariant Reference Frame

What would happen when a repeated object was presented from a different view in View-dependent and View-Invariant?

View-Invariant: New View=Repeated: Same View

View-Dependent: New View=New object

What is a gnostic unit ?

It is a type of neuron that can recognize a complex object.

A single gnostic unit (cell that preferentially responds to a known stimulus) recognizes grandma is known was what?

Grandmother Cell Hypothesis

What are some problems with the grandmother cell hypothesis

What if the cell that represents grandma dies
how do we perceive novel objects that don't have a gnostic cell
how would the cell that represents grandma adapt to her appearance changes.

When recognition is attributed to the collective activation of several cells that represent complex features is known as what?

Ensemble coding hypothesis

What is impaired visual object recognition?

Visual Agnosia

What are two subtypes of Visual Agnosia?

Apperceptive
Associative

When one experiences problems in failing to identify an object and to derive a coherent visual percept, they are suffering from what?

Apperceptive Agnosia

When someone not only has the inability to identify and object, but also fails to gain access to the meaning from a well derived percept they are suffering from what?

Associative Agnosia

When performance is slightly impaired on tests that require fine discrimination of basic shapes and has problems when features must be inferred from different views or shadows, they might be suffering from?

Apperceptive Agnosia

when someone is unable to recognize or name a photo, picture or a drawing but has the ability to copy the image they might be suffering from what?

Associative Agnosia

Which hemisphere has trouble with unusual views?

Which hemisphere has trouble with linking semantic information to visual output?

Right Hemisphere
Left Hemisphere

Semantic information depends on which hemisphere while perceptual information depends on which hemisphere?

Semantic: Left Hemisphere
Perceptual: Right Hemisphere

When someone has difficulty integrating parts of an object into a coherent whole. The recognition depends on identification of a few salient features of an object. This is known as what?

Integrative Agnosia

When someone has the inability to recognize faces.

Prosopagnosia

What are two distinct regions in the brain that are activated by the face?

Superior Temporal Sulcus
Inferotemporal Gyrus

The Fusiform Gyrus also plays an important role in recognizing faces especially in the right hemisphere. What has this area become to be called today?

FFA- Fusiform Face Area

Parkinsons Disease results from cell death in what area of the brain?

Substantia Nigra which is part of the basal ganglia

Where do alpha motor neurons originate, exit and terminate?

Originate: Spinal Cord
Exit: Ventral Root
Terminate: In the muscle Fiber

What briefly happens in a Alpha motor neuron action potential?

Alpha Motor neurons activate
acetycholine
muscle contraction
Effector-part of the body that moves

Excitatory signals are related to what type of muscle activation?

Inhibitory signals are related to what type of muscle activation?

Excitatory: Agonist
Inhibitory: Antagonist

What are two prominent subcortical structures that play a role in motor control?

Cerebellum and the Basal Ganglia

What is this structure?
Input: Somatosensory, Vestibular, Visual, Auditory, Association areas of the cortex

Output: Deep Cerebellar Nuclei to Extrapyrimidal Tract to Motor Cortex ia Thalamus.

Cerebellum

What is this structure?
Input: Caudate, Putamen, Straitum

Output: Globus Pallidus to motor/ frontal cortex via thalamus

Basal Ganglia

How are motor representations somatotopically organized?

In Primary and Secondary Processing regions

Components of the motor system are hierarchically organized: what is the highest to the lowest.

Premotor: Cerebellum and the Basal Ganglia
Secondary Motor Cortices
Primary Motor Cortex
Spinal Cord

This area ensures that the selected motor plans are executed efficiently...what is it?

Premotor: Cerebellum and the basal ganglia

This is the goals of an action of the motor plan...what is it?

Secondary Motor Cortices

This is the muscle and direction based signals?

Primary Motor Cortex

This is the point of connection between the muscles and the brain and it mediates simple reflexive movements?

Spinal Cord

In Taub and Berman Study what were their findings in regard to monkeys and sesnory loss

They are not essential for movement, but animals prefer to use a limb with intact sensory signals.

In Sherringtons experiment what was his findings when severing the spinal cord?

That dogs were still able to walk and run.

Single neurons do not code exact directions of movement; movement direction is coded by what?

A population of neurons.

What is a cells preferred movement direction called?

Vector Direction

What is the firing rate of a cell called?

Vector Length

Movement direction can be coded by the summed activity of how many motor neurons (population vector)?

Multiple neurons each contributing to their own vote.

What can population vectors be used as?

To predict Movement

what is Loss of voluntary movements on the contralateral side of the body, particularly in the distal effectors called?

Hemiplagia

True or False.... In hemiplagia reflexes are initially absent but can return in a couple of weeks and may become exaggerated?

True

This impairment is often due to a secondary hemmorrage of the middle cerebral artery.

Hemiplagia

Damage to the motor cortex can cause what type of impairment?

Hemiplagia

Where do Motor Cortex corticospinal fibers originate?

Primary Motor Cortex

Cells in the primary motor cortex code for what?

for direction of movement and muscular events.

Where does information from other cortical and subcortical processes converge at what level.

Primary Motor Cortex, which influences movement

What does the Internally guided motor control all have?

receives projections from the PFC and Basal Ganglia-Both have strong connectivity to limbic regions.

What does the Externally guided motor control consume?

Premotor cortex receives projections from parietal cortex and cerebellum- both are linked to motor control and to representation of multiple sensory channels.

In this motor control the movements are guided by visual, somatosensory, or auditory feedback.

Extrenally guided motor control

During Supplementary Motor Area activity, how are the actions guided?

They are internally disproportionate guided movements.

During Premotor cortex movement activity how are the actions guided?

They are active during externally disproportionate guided movements.

New Learning is associated with an increase of blood flow in what areas of the brain?

Lateral Premotor and prefrontal areas

Previously learned sequences were correlated with an increase of blood flow in what areas?

Supplementary Motor Area and the hippocampus

What syndrome can come from supplementary motor cortex damage?

Alien Hand Syndrome

This syndrome reflects a dominance of externally guided lateral premotor pathways. The sight of an object withing reaching distance evokes a motor plat to grasp the object.?

Alien Hand Syndrome

This is internally-guided or well-learned motor plans?

Supplementary Motor Area

This is externally guided or novel motor plans?

Premotor cortex

At what level is movement executed at?

Spinal Cord

What are the three divisions of the cerebellum?

Neocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum

What is the most primitive part of the cerebellum that appears first in fish?

Vestibulocerebellum

What is the input and output in the Vestibulocerebellum?

Input: Primary Vestibular Afferents
Output: Vestibular Nuclei in Brainstem

This area of the cerebellum is associated with coordinated head and eye-movements and in postural adjustments and balance.

Vestibulocerebellum

Damage to the Vestibularcerebellum results in what?

Problems in eye movement
General Loss of Balance

This is the onlly cerebellar region that receives somatosensory input from the spinal cord?

Spinocerebellum

What is the input and the output for the spinocerebellum?

Input: Vestibular and
Somatosensory

Output: Fastigial Nuclei

This part of the cerebellum is involved in Coordination of Axial
Musculature and Movements of
Face, Mouth, Neck.

Spinocerebellum

Damage to the interposed nuclei in the spinocerebellum is related to what impairment?

Cerebellar Hypotonia

This is a impairment causing reduced muscle tone.

Cerebellar Hyotonia

Two impairments caused from damage to the interposed nuclei in thge spinocerebellum?

Hypermetria
Ataxia

This is rapidly initiated movements of a
limb overshoot the target.

Hypermetria

This is the select the appropriate action and
initiate it normally, but ultimately
the movement is clumsy,
irregular and irratic

Ataxia

Part of the cerebellum that is Phylogenetically most
recent; part of a high-level
Cerebellar Contributions to Motor Function
feedback loop that
regulates cortical motor
programs

Neocerebellum

What is the input and the output of the neocerebellum?

Input: Cerebral Cortex
Output: Dentate nucleus to motor, premotor, and prefrontal cortex.

This contributes to smooth execution of voluntary movements and to motor timing.

Neocerebellum

Damage to the neocerebellum may result in what kind of impairment?

Decomposition of movement

damage to this part of the cerebellum disrupts
the timing of movement
components, which then appear
to take place sequentially rather
than smoothly

Neocerebellum

motor acts typically involve a
sequence of well-coordinated,
overlapping movements is known as what?

decomposition of movement

These type of neurons fire at 100ms prior to neurons in M1 or the interposed nucleus (which are more concerned with movement execution).

Dentate Neurons

Cerebellum does not contribute directly to
movement of effectors
Provides cues about timing needed for
effectors to successfully execute an action is known as what?

Motor Timing Hypothesis

Lesion to this area in the motor timing hypothesis abolishes the retention of a previously acquired conditioned response.

Deep Cerebellar nuclei

Lesion to this are in the motor timing hypothesis results in impaired timing of the previously acquired conditioned response.

Cerebellar cortex

cerebellum generates predictions of
expected sensory experience
(walking down steps and expect
another stair when there isn?t one)

This is called what?

Prediction Hypothesis

Basal Ganglia input is where?

Sensory, motor, and association cortices to striatum

Basal Ganglias output is where?

Globus Pallidus, thalamus or the substantia nigra, superior colliculus.

what are the two pathways of the basal ganglia?

Direct pathway and the indirect pathway

This pathway has direct inhibitory projections from the striatum to the GPi and SNr.

Direct Pathway

This pathway Striatum inhibits the external segment of
the Globus Pallidus
GPe inhibition results in decreased
inhibition of the Subthalamic nucleus
(i.e. release from inhibition)
Excitatory signals from the STN to the
output structures are increased

Indirect Pathway

This exerts opposite affects on the direct and indirect pathways. Here the common neurotransmitter is Dopamine.

Substantia Nigra Compacta

What affect does dopamine have on the direct and indirect pathway.\\?

Direct Pathway: Excitatory effect
Indirect: Inhibitory effect

In huntingtons disease, what pathway is affected?

The indirect pathway.

What are the cognitive impairments of huntingtons disease?

impaired memory, motor skill learning, and problem solving.

Hemiballismus is cause by what type of lesions? and what is the result?

Subthalamic nucleus lesions

Result: Violent, uncontrollable movements

what is the cause of Parkinsons Diseas?

Idipathic: no one knows

what is absence or reduction in
voluntary movement, especially for
initiation of new or different movements?

Hypokinesia

what is slowing of movement;
once initiated movement may progress
normally, but at a slower pace

Braykinesia

What is the main effect of Parkinson's disease on the Basal Ganglis

it attacks the substantia Nigra which is the main production site for dopamine.

What are 3 treatments for parkinsons disease?

L-Dopa
Pallidotomy
Deep Brain Stimulation

In this type of treatment it Successfully treats negative symptoms, but may result in severe and
debilitating hyperkinesia with extended use

L-Dopa

In this treatment Small lesions are made to the Globus Pallidus, which is hyperactive in the
absence of inhibitory striatal effects
Difficult to identify the appropriate location for a lesion; associated with
significant risk

Pallidotomy

This treatment is a Surgical implantation of an electrode usually to the STN bilaterally;
stimulation reduces thalamic inhibition

Deep-Brain Stimulation

Coordination problems that cannot be linked to a deficit
in controlling the muscles themselves (not hemiplegia) is called what?

Apraxia

What are the two types of Apraxia?

Ideomotor
Ideational

patients seem to have a relatively intact
representation of the action, but fail to execute it, is called what?

Ideomotor

knowledge about the intent of an action is
disrupted

Ideational

Apraxia is generally associated with which hemisphere region and is mostly observed with what cortex damage.

Left Hemisphere and the Parietal Cortex.

Sensory memory is divided into two types, what are they?

Iconic and Echoic

Iconic memory is used for what?

For Vision

Echoic memory is used for what?

For Audition

Sensory input from the environment must pass through 3 stages to be stored for a long time what are they?

Sensory Buffers
Short-term Memory
Long-term Memory

Words at the beginning of the list benefit from more rehearsal
and are transferred to LTM. This is known as what?

Primacy Effect

Words at the end of the list can be ?read-off? from STM. This is known as what?

Recency Effect

What are the three stages that learning and memory can be divided into?

Encoding
Storage
Retrival

This is associated with retention over seconds to minutes...this is what?>

Short-Term Memory

This is measured in days or years, an event from childhood or even last week is known as what?

Long-term memory

How many items a person can hold in memory over a short period of time is known as what?

Digit Span

Immediate recall of a sequence of letters or words is
grossly impaired when the words sound similar is known as what?

Phonological Similarity Effect

This represents a limited capacity store for retaining information over the short term and for performing mental operations on the contents of this store.

Working Memory

This is knowledge to which we have conscious access , including personal and world knowledge.

Declarative Memory

This is knowledge to which we have no conscious access, such as motor and cognitive skills.

Non-Declarative Memory

What are the two subdivisions in which declarative memory can be broken down into?

Semantic and Episodic

What is episodic and semantic memory?

Semantic: World Knowledge
Episodic: The recall of events in our lives

what are two main subdivisions of non declarative memory?

Procedural Memory and Perceptual Representation System.

This type of non-declarative memory involves learning of a variety of motor skills and cognitive skills.

Procedural Memory

This type of non-declarative memory involves the priming or the structure and the form of objects and words by prior experience.

Perceptual Representation System

Damage to the medial Temporal Lobe can lead to....(Amnesia).

Anoxia

Following damage to the midline diencephalon....(Amnesia)..

Korsakoffs Disease

What structure is critical for representing spatial relationships among objects in the environment?

Hippocampus

The loss of the ability to form new memories is known as what?

Have access to the samantic and episodic.

Anterograde Amnesia

This is the loss of memories for events that happened in the past.

Retrograde Amnesia

MTL Structures are critically involved in what?

Memory Consolidation

Declarative memory depends critically on the structures in the...?

Medial Temproal Lobe

Non-Declarative Memory does not depend on MTL structures...T or F?

True

The acquisition of an ability
MEMORY
that extends to new items in a task is called what?

Skill Learning

Benefit that Accrues from
MEMORY
Processing a Particular Stimulus in the
Context of Some Task is called what?

Priming

The hippocampus is always necessary for forming and retaining what kind of memories?

Episodic

In these specialized brain regions which ones are associated with what type of emotion?
amygdala
orbitofrontal cortex
anterior unsula

Amygdala-Fear
Orbitofrontal Cortex-anger
anterior insula-disgust

The amygdala is critical for identifying what emotion?

Fear

The Insula plays a critical role in recognizing what emotion?

Disgust

Exam 2

Psychology 611 with Hannalula at University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee

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