Exam #2
Psychology 2012 with Berta at University of Colorado Boulder
About this deck
By: angelina kennedy
Textbook:
Biopsychology (8th Edition)
Created: 2012-02-12
Size: 113 flashcards
Views: 113
Textbook:
Biopsychology (8th Edition)Created: 2012-02-12
Size: 113 flashcards
Views: 113
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
the division of the nervous system located within the skill and spine
a) receives, processes, and sends signals to the peripheral nervous system
a) receives, processes, and sends signals to the peripheral nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Division of the nervous system located outside the skill and spine
a) carries information to and from the CNS
b) Made up of two parts:
i) Semantic Nervous System
1. Interacts with the external environment
2. Made up of two parts
a) Afferent nerves: carry sensory signals to the CNS
b) nerves: bundles of axons in the PSN
c) from skin, skeletal muscles, joints
a) carries information to and from the CNS
b) Made up of two parts:
i) Semantic Nervous System
1. Interacts with the external environment
2. Made up of two parts
a) Afferent nerves: carry sensory signals to the CNS
b) nerves: bundles of axons in the PSN
c) from skin, skeletal muscles, joints
Semantic Nervous System
1. Interacts with the external environment
2. Made up of two parts
a) Afferent nerves: carry sensory signals to the CNS
b) nerves: bundles of axons in the PSN
c) from skin, skeletal muscles, joints
d) Skeletal muscle: striated muscle attached to the skeleton
e) Efferent Nerves: carry motor signals from CNS to the skeletal muscles
2. Made up of two parts
a) Afferent nerves: carry sensory signals to the CNS
b) nerves: bundles of axons in the PSN
c) from skin, skeletal muscles, joints
d) Skeletal muscle: striated muscle attached to the skeleton
e) Efferent Nerves: carry motor signals from CNS to the skeletal muscles
Afferent nerves
carry sensory signals to the CNS
nerves
bundles of axons in the PSN
Skeletal muscle
striated muscle attached to the skeleton
Efferent Nerves
carry motor signals from CNS to the skeletal muscles
I) 2 kinds of efferent nerves
Ii) sympathetic nerves
Iii) parasympathetic nerves
.continual functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
3) Each organ is controlled by relative levels of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity
I) 2 kinds of efferent nerves
Ii) sympathetic nerves
Iii) parasympathetic nerves
.continual functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
3) Each organ is controlled by relative levels of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity
Sympathetic nerves
stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources for emergencies (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic nerves
conserve energy
Emotions
.Autonomic NS and somatic system and parts of the brain and glandular system
1. Autonomic -> reactions of internal organs
2. Somatic -> taking action (e.g. Running, fighting)
1. Autonomic -> reactions of internal organs
2. Somatic -> taking action (e.g. Running, fighting)
Common-Sense View
.we sense something, experience the emotion, have psychological response
.Perception of stimulus (bear) -> Experience of emotion (fear) -> Physiological response
.Perception of stimulus (bear) -> Experience of emotion (fear) -> Physiological response
James-Lange View
.we have the physiological responses before the experience of the emotion -> assumes different patters of physiological responses for the different emotions
.Perception of stimulus -> Physiological response -> Experience of emotion
.Perception of stimulus -> Physiological response -> Experience of emotion
Cannon-Bard View
.Experiences of emotions are independent, but parallel with the physiological responses to a stimulus
-> Experience of emotion
.Perception of stimulus [
-> Physiological response
-> Experience of emotion
.Perception of stimulus [
-> Physiological response
Schacter-Singer View
.Label physiological responses as different emotions depending on the situation -> assumes physiological responses to emotional stimuli are similar
Cranial Nerves
.project from the brain, 12 pairs
.important exception to the fact that most nerves in the peripheral NS project from the spinal chord
.important exception to the fact that most nerves in the peripheral NS project from the spinal chord
Modern Biopsychological View
.each of the three factors influence each other
.can take into account feedback for the situation in labeling the emotion
Perception of experience <-> experience of emotion <-> physiological response
.can take into account feedback for the situation in labeling the emotion
Perception of experience <-> experience of emotion <-> physiological response
Functions of CSF System
A. Cushioning CNS
B. Supplies some nourishment to the CNS
C. Involved in removing some waste from CNS
B. Supplies some nourishment to the CNS
C. Involved in removing some waste from CNS
Blood-Brain Barrier
.Capillaries run through the brain
.Selectively permeable -> allows some chemicals to pass through and not others, stopped by tightly packed capillary cells and type of glial cells covering the capillaries
.Allows chemicals across that are necessary for life. E.g. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients. E.g. Actively transports glucose across the barrier
.Blocks many large molecules e.g. Many proteins
.Selectively permeable -> allows some chemicals to pass through and not others, stopped by tightly packed capillary cells and type of glial cells covering the capillaries
.Allows chemicals across that are necessary for life. E.g. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients. E.g. Actively transports glucose across the barrier
.Blocks many large molecules e.g. Many proteins
Important breaks in the blood-brain barrier
E.g. Area postrema -> detects toxins in blood and induces vomiting
Vertebrate Nervous System
directions in relation to the spine
3 axes:
(1)Anterior -> toward the nose end
Posterior -> toward the tail end
(2)Dorsal -> toward the surface of the back or top of the head
Ventral -> towards the surface of the chest or bottom of the head
(3)Medial -> toward the midline of the body
Lateral -> away from the midline of the body
3 axes:
(1)Anterior -> toward the nose end
Posterior -> toward the tail end
(2)Dorsal -> toward the surface of the back or top of the head
Ventral -> towards the surface of the chest or bottom of the head
(3)Medial -> toward the midline of the body
Lateral -> away from the midline of the body
Horizontal Plane
cut in a plane parallel to the top of the brain
Frontal (coronal) Plane
cut in a plane parallel to the face
Sagittal Plane
cut in a plane parallel to the side of the brain
Midsagittal Plane
cut down the center of the brain
autonomic nervous system
part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the bodies internal environment
.made of afferent nerves that carry sensory sensory signals from internal organs to the cns and efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the cns to internal organs
.made of afferent nerves that carry sensory sensory signals from internal organs to the cns and efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the cns to internal organs
meninges
.protective membranes for the brain and spinal chord
.three kinds: dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
.three kinds: dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
dura mater
.the outer meninx
.a tough membrane
.a tough membrane
arachnoid membrane
.inside the dura mater
.a fine membrane
.a fine membrane
subarachnoid space
.beneath the arachnoid membrane
.contains many large blood vessels and and cerebrospinal fluid
.
.contains many large blood vessels and and cerebrospinal fluid
.
pia mater
.the innermost meninx
.beneath the subarachnoid space
.very delicate membrane which adheres to the surface of the cns
.beneath the subarachnoid space
.very delicate membrane which adheres to the surface of the cns
central canal
a small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord
cerebral ventricles
the four large internal chambers of the brain: the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle
choroid plexuses
.networks of capillaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater
neuron
cells that are specialized for reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals
.come in an incredible variety of shapes and sizes
.come in an incredible variety of shapes and sizes
multipolar neuron
.a neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body
.most neurons are multipolar
.most neurons are multipolar
unipolar neuron
.a neuron with one process extending from its cell body
bipolar neuron
.a neuron with two processes extending from its cell body
interneuron
.neurons with a short axon or no axon
.their function is to integrate the neural activity within a single brain structure, not to conduct signals from one structure to another
.their function is to integrate the neural activity within a single brain structure, not to conduct signals from one structure to another
nuclei
in the central nervous system clusters of cell bodies
ganglia
in the peripheral nervous system, clusters of cell bodies
tracts
in the central nervous system, bundles of axons
nerves
bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system
glial cells
.found throughout the nervous system
.reported to outnumber neurons 10 to 1, has been challenged by recent research
.predominate in some brain structures, but overall the numbers of glial cells and neural cells are approximately equal
.reported to outnumber neurons 10 to 1, has been challenged by recent research
.predominate in some brain structures, but overall the numbers of glial cells and neural cells are approximately equal
oligodendrocytes
.a glial cell with extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the central nervous systems
.rich in myelin
.rich in myelin
myelin
a fatty insulating substance
myelin sheaths
.formed by myelin
.increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction
.increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction
schwann cells
.second class of glial cells
.only schwann cells can guide axonal regeneration after damage
.only schwann cells can guide axonal regeneration after damage
microglia
.make up a third class of glial cells
.smaller than other glia
.respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris, and triggering inflammatory responses
.smaller than other glia
.respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris, and triggering inflammatory responses
astrocytes
.largest glial cells
.extensions of some astrocytes cover the outer surfaces of blood vessels that course through the brain
.also make contact with neuron cell bodies
.play a role in allowing the passage of some chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and in blocking other chemicals
.extensions of some astrocytes cover the outer surfaces of blood vessels that course through the brain
.also make contact with neuron cell bodies
.play a role in allowing the passage of some chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and in blocking other chemicals
golgi stain
.makes it possible to see individual neurons
.used when overall shape of neurons is of interest
.used when overall shape of neurons is of interest
nissl stain
.shows number of neurons in and area and the nature of their inner structure
.used to estimate the number of cell bodies in an area bu counting the number of nissl-stained dots
.used to estimate the number of cell bodies in an area bu counting the number of nissl-stained dots
electron microscopy
.provides information about the details of neuronal structure
superior
top of the primate head
inferior
bottom of the primate head
proximal
.closer to the CNS
distal
.farther from the CNS
cross section
a section cut at a right angle to any long, narrow structure, such as the spinal cord or a nerve
gray matter
.in cross section, composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
white matter
in cross section, composed largely of myelinated axons
dorsal horns
two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter
ventral horns
two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter
dorsal root ganglia
.fall dorsal root acons, whether somatic or autonomic, are sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped together just outside the chord to form the dorsal root ganglia
brain stem
the stem on which the cerebral hemisphere sits
myelencephalon (medulla)
the most posterior division of the brain, is composed largely of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and body
reticular formation
.a complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem from the posterior boundary of the myelecephalon to the anterior boundary of the midbrain
metencephalon
houses ascending and descending tracts and part of the reticular formation
pons
bulge created by metencephalon on the brain stem's ventral surface
cerebellum
.division of the mentencephalon
.large, convoluted structure on the brain stem's dorsal surface
.important sensorimotor structure; cerebellar damage eliminates the ability to precisely control ones movements and to adapt them to changing conditions
.large, convoluted structure on the brain stem's dorsal surface
.important sensorimotor structure; cerebellar damage eliminates the ability to precisely control ones movements and to adapt them to changing conditions
mesencephalon
.has two divisions: tectum and the tegmentum
tectum
(roof) is the dorsal surface of the midbrain
.in mammals, the tectum is composed of two pairs of bumps, the colliculi
.in mammals, the tectum is composed of two pairs of bumps, the colliculi
inferior colliculi
.the posterior pair
.have an auditory function
.have an auditory function
superior colluculi
.the anterior pair
.have a visual function
.have a visual function
tegmentum
.the division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum
.in addition to the reticular formation and tracts of passage, the tegmentum contains three colorful structures that are of particular interest to bio psychologists: periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, and the red nucleus
.in addition to the reticular formation and tracts of passage, the tegmentum contains three colorful structures that are of particular interest to bio psychologists: periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, and the red nucleus
periaqueducral gray
.gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct
.of special interest because of its role in mediating the analgesic (pain reducing) effects of opiate drugs
.of special interest because of its role in mediating the analgesic (pain reducing) effects of opiate drugs
cerebral aqueduct
the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles
substancia nigra and red nucleus
.both important components of the sensorimotor system
diencephalon
.composed of two structures: thlamus and hypothalamus
thalamus
.larger, two-lobed structure that constitutes the top of the brain stem
.one lobe sits on each side of the third ventricle, and the two lobes are joined by the massa intermedia
.one lobe sits on each side of the third ventricle, and the two lobes are joined by the massa intermedia
massa intermedia
.runs through the third ventricle
sensory relay nuclei
nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors, process them, and then transmit them to appropriate areas of the sensory cortex
lateral geniculate nuclei, medial geniculate nuclei, and ventral posterior nuclei
important relay stations in the visual, auditory, and somatosenstory systems, respectively
hypothalamus
.located just below the anterior thalamus
.plays an important role in regulation of several motivated behaviors (sleep, eat, sexual behavior)
.exerts its effects in part by regulating release of hormones form the petuitary gland
.plays an important role in regulation of several motivated behaviors (sleep, eat, sexual behavior)
.exerts its effects in part by regulating release of hormones form the petuitary gland
pituitary gland
.dangles from hypothalamus on the ventral surface of the brain
optic chiasm
.the point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together
.on the surface of the hypothalamus
.the x shape is created because of some of the axons of the optic nerve decussate via the optic chiasm
.on the surface of the hypothalamus
.the x shape is created because of some of the axons of the optic nerve decussate via the optic chiasm
decussate
cross over to the other side of the brain
contralateral
projecting from one side of the body to the other
ipsilateral
staying on the same side of the body
mammillary bodies
.often considered part of the hypothalamus
.a pair of spherical nuclei located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus, just behind the petuitary
.a pair of spherical nuclei located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus, just behind the petuitary
telencephalon
.largest division of the human brain
.mediates the brain's most complex functions
.initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving
.mediates the brain's most complex functions
.initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving
cerebral cortex
.cover the cerebral hemispheres
.mainly composed of small, unmyelinated neurons
.gray and often referred to as grey matter
.mainly composed of small, unmyelinated neurons
.gray and often referred to as grey matter
fissures
large furrows in a convoluted cortex
sulci
small furrows in a convoluted cortex
gyri
ridges between fissures and sulci
longitudinal fissure
separates the cerebral hemispheres
cerebral commissures
directly connect the cerebral hemispheres
.a few tracts spanning the longitudinal fissure
.a few tracts spanning the longitudinal fissure
corpus callosum
the largest cerebral commissure
central fissure and lateral fissure
two major landmarks on the lateral surface of each hemisphere
.partially divide each hemisphere into four lobes: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe
.partially divide each hemisphere into four lobes: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe
precentral gyri, postcentral gyri, and the superior temporal gyri
.among the largest gyri
.in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, respectively
.in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, respectively
neocortex
.makes 90% of human cerebral cortex
.six layered cortex of relatively recent evolution
.six layered cortex of relatively recent evolution
pyramidal cells
large multipolar neurons with pyramid-shaped cell bodies, a large dendrite called an apical dendrite that extends from the apex of the pyramid straight toward the cortex surface, and a very long axon
stellate cells
small star shaped interneuraons
columnar organization
.neurons in a given vertical column of neocortex often form a mini-circuit that performs a single function
hippocampus
one important are of cortex that is not neocortex - it has only three major layers
.located at the medial edge of the cerebral cortex as it folds back on itself in the medial temporal lob
.plays a major roll in some kinds of memory, particularly memory for spatial location
.located at the medial edge of the cerebral cortex as it folds back on itself in the medial temporal lob
.plays a major roll in some kinds of memory, particularly memory for spatial location
limbic system
.circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus
.involved in reculation of motivated behaviors -> fighting feeding, fleeing, and fucking
.structures include amygdala, fornix, cingulate cortex, and septum
.involved in reculation of motivated behaviors -> fighting feeding, fleeing, and fucking
.structures include amygdala, fornix, cingulate cortex, and septum
amygdala
.almond shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe
cingulate cortex
.large strip of cortex in the cingulate gyrus on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres, just superior to the corpus callosum; it encircles the dorsal thalamus
fornix
.the major tract of the lymbic system
.encircles the dorsal thalamus; it leaves the dorsal end of the hippocampus and sweeps forward in an arc coursing along the superior surface of the third ventricle and terminating in the septum and mammillary bodies
.encircles the dorsal thalamus; it leaves the dorsal end of the hippocampus and sweeps forward in an arc coursing along the superior surface of the third ventricle and terminating in the septum and mammillary bodies
septum
.midline nucleus that is located at the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex
.several tracts connect the septum and mammillary bodies with the amygdala and hippocamus, thereby completing the limbic ring
.several tracts connect the septum and mammillary bodies with the amygdala and hippocamus, thereby completing the limbic ring
basal ganglia
.play a role in the performance of voluntary motor responses
.of particular interest is a pathway that prjects to the striatum from the substantia nigra of the midbrain
.of particular interest is a pathway that prjects to the striatum from the substantia nigra of the midbrain
caudate
.sweeps out of each amygdala, first in a posterior direction and then in an anterior direction
. long and tail-like
.each caudate forms and almost complete circle
. long and tail-like
.each caudate forms and almost complete circle
putamen
connected to the center of caudate by a series of fiber bridges
striatum
striped appearance of the caudate and the putamen
globus pallidus
.pale circular structure of the basal ganglia
.located medial to the putamen, between the putamen and the thalamus
.located medial to the putamen, between the putamen and the thalamus
About this deck
By: angelina kennedy
Textbook: Biopsychology (8th Edition)
Created: 2012-02-12
Size: 113 flashcards
Views: 113
Textbook:
Biopsychology (8th Edition)Created: 2012-02-12
Size: 113 flashcards
Views: 113
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
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STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
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