EXAM 2
Psychology 110 with Recabarren at University of Tennessee - Knoxville
About this deck
By: Ashton Weeks
Textbook: Introduction to Psychology for University of Tennessee-knoxville
Created: 2012-02-24
Size: 95 flashcards
Views: 125
Textbook: Introduction to Psychology for University of Tennessee-knoxville
Created: 2012-02-24
Size: 95 flashcards
Views: 125
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy
Sign up (free) to study this.
Habituation
occurs when you slow or stop responding to an event that has become familiar through repeated presentation.
Sensitization
occurs when our response to an event increases rather than decreases with repeated exposure.
Example of Habituation
Most birds will startle and become agitated when the shadow of a hawk asses overhead, but their level of alarm will rapidly decline if the object is presented repeatedly with no subsequent attack. This is an example of what?
Example of Sensitization
if you are exposed to a loud noise, your reactions become more intense and prolonged with repeated exposure. This is an example of what?
Conditioned Stimulus
becomes a signal for the unconditioned stimulus when it provides information about the delivery to the unconditioned stimulus.
Stimulus Generalization
a new stimulus produces a response similar to the one produced by the conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus Discrimination
response to a new stimulus is different from your response to the original conditioned stimulus.
Extinction
the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly, after conditioning, but is not longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus. Happens when CS is presented repeatedly without US.
Spontaneous Recovery
Recovery of an extinguished response when the conditioned is presented again, after a delay.
Example of extinction
If a dog drools to a bell that predicts food, and the food suddenly stops being delivered after the striking of the bell, the dog will eventually stop drooling. This is an example of what?
Example of Spontaneous Recovery
In Pavlov's case, his dogs stopped drooling if a bell signaling food was repeatedly presented alone, but when the bell was rung the day after extinction, the conditioned response reappeared.
Operant Conditioning
Learning that our own actions, rather than conditioned stimuli, leads to consequences and outcomes.
Law of effect
if an animal's response to a stimulus is followed by a pleasant consequence, it is more likely that the animal will repeat the behavior.
reinforcement
means behavior increases.
Example of Positive Reinforcement
Giving a pet a treat when he behaves well
positive reinforcement
Consequence that increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated when presented after the behavior.
negative reinforcement
consequences that, when removed after a response, increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
example of negative reinforcement
when you don't have to wash the dishes because you made good grades
conditioned reinforcers
if a stimulus or event predicts the absence or removal of something negative then the presentation is likely to be reinforcing.
positive punishment
presented after a response and lowers the likelihood of that behavior being repeated
example of positive punishment
adding extra chores because your child failed a test
negative punishment
removal after a response and lowers the likelihood of that behavior happening again
example of negative punishment
taking a child's video game due to bad behavior
Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement
Reinforcement at steady intervals; Fixed number of responses necessary for reinforcement. low resistance to extinction
Variable-Ratio Reinforcement
One gets rewarded after varying numbers of tries; Number of responses change. high resistance to extinction
Example of Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement
When you get a bonus for every 10 sales made in a business, this is an example of what?
Example of variable-ration reinforcement
Gambling is an example of what?
post reinforcement pause
delay in response after completing ratio (fixed-ration reinforcement)
continuous reinforcement
reinforcement after every response
partial reinforcement
reinforcement occasionally after response.
fixed-interval reinforcement
reinforcement that happens after a specific amount of time. low resistance to extinction
example of fixed interval reinforcement
calling a radio station and winning a CD., but you can't win again for 30 days. In this case, calling the radio station is controlled by an example of what type of reinforcement?
variable interval reinforcement
reinforcement that happens after a period of time that varies. high resistance to extinction
example of variable interval reinforcement
waiting on the phone while on hold or being rewarded every 3 minutes, 5 minutes, and 4 minutes, is an example of what type of reinforcement?
shaping
developed by Skinner. rewarding small signs of progress along the way
example of shaping
while training a dog to sit, you reward small progress toward reaching the ultimate desired behavior is an example of what?
learning
process of acquiring new knowledge; change in behavior resulting from experience.
orienting response
tendency to notice and respond to novel events
classical conditioning
learning of the relationship between 2 events. Outside of our control. Developed by Ivan Pavlov.
Unconditioned stimulus
automatically leads to a response (stimulus)
unconditioned response
unlearned, automatic response from US
example of unconditioned response
salivating to food is and example of what?
conditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response
response from CS in anticipation of US
forward conditioning
CS before US
simultaneous conditioning
CS and US at the same time
Backward conditioning
CS after US; Us before CS
blocking
adding a 2nd stimulus but not being conditioned to it. CS+new stimulus= CR
second-order conditioning
adding another stimulus and conditioning it. CS+new stimulus+ new stimulus leading to CR
evolutionary adaptive
ways to prepare for other ways of stimulus showing
BF Skinner
who performed shaping with pigeons?
observational learning
also called "social learning"; people and animals learn by example and overseeing the experiences of others.
example of observational learning
the Bobo doll experiment is and example of what?
Modeling
tendency to imitate behavior of significant others, family, and friends
vicarious reinforcement
observing reinforcement in others
example of vicarious reinforcement
if your sister gets money for making good grades, you will more than likely try to get good grades for money. this is an example of what?
vicarious punishment
observing punishment in others
example of vicarious punishment
watching a friend go to jail is an example of what?
self-efficacy
guided by strength rather than passion
example of self-efficacy
wanting to be a pilot, but you can't because of bad vision is an example of what?
nervous system cells
made out of neurons; electrochemical impulses.
neurons
receive and transmit information
nerves
made up of 100 billion neurons.
glia
support call; insulates neurons, carries nutrients and removes waste
soma, dendrites, and axon
3 main areas of neurons
soma
contains nucleus, makes decisions, and is the "control center"
dendrites
receives info and signals; the branching out part of the neurons
axon
single, long, thin, flat fiber that sends signals to other cells.
axon terminal
releases chemical for communication
myelin sheath
gives brain matter the white color; insulates and speeds transmissions and impulses.
neural network
interconnected neural cells communicate
neurotransmitters
a chemical that is stored in an axon and, when released, it activates receptors of other neurons
action potential
inside the neuron; the change in charge from negative to positive. another name for nerve impulses. stimulation at one point. travels along axon
steps of action potential
1) resting potential, 2) sodium potassium pump, 3) potassium ions exit
all-or-none law
action potential leads to this. either sends the neuron down the axon or not, and soma makes decisions if there is a transformation
example of action potential
a standard light switch that can only go on or off is an example of what?
synapse
space between 2 neurons; releases chemical info to excite or inhibit next neuron
Loewi
who electrically stimulated axons to a frog's heart to slow down the heart rate and collected fluid from one frog's heart and transmitted it to another frog's heart?
Parkinson's disease
difficulty in voluntary movement, slowness of movement, tremors, rigidity, depressed mood; gradual decay of a pathway of axons that release dopamine.
dopamine
movement and reward area of the brain
serotonin
regulates moods, sleep, appetite, sex drive
occipital lobe
rear of the head and specialized for vision
parietal lobe
specialized for body senses such as touch, pain, temperature, awareness of location of the body parts, and perception of location of the body in space.
temporal lobe
located toward the left and right sides of the head; main processing area for hearing and some of the complex aspects of vision
thalamus
forebrain area that relays information to the cerebra cortex
cerebellum
hindbrain
autonomic nervous system
control over heart rate, digestion, sexual arousal
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight, increased heart rate, sweat. uses energy and tension. Stress
parasympathetic nervous system
rest functions, conserves energy, calm behavior, lowered heart rate, increased digestion. Peace
two types of nervous systems
control nervous system and peripheral nervous system
two types of peripheral nervous system
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
controls the muscles
law of effect
Response -----> Satisfying Consequence = Increased Response Strength
Response ----> Unsatisfying Consequence = Decreased Response Strength
cerebral cortex
forebrain
right brained
art, music, sports, spatial abilities, sense of direction, language, words
About this deck
By: Ashton Weeks
Textbook: Introduction to Psychology for University of Tennessee-knoxville
Created: 2012-02-24
Size: 95 flashcards
Views: 125
Textbook: Introduction to Psychology for University of Tennessee-knoxville
Created: 2012-02-24
Size: 95 flashcards
Views: 125
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy