Exam #2
Human Geography 140 with Gamble at University of North Carolina-Wilmington
About this deck
By: Tori Rightmyer
Textbook:
Diversity Amid Globalization: World Regions, Environment, Development (5th Edition)
Created: 2012-02-25
Size: 154 flashcards
Views: 40
Textbook:
Diversity Amid Globalization: World Regions, Environment, Development (5th Edition)Created: 2012-02-25
Size: 154 flashcards
Views: 40
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Rule of 72
(doubling time) take a country's rate of annual population increase (%) and divide into 72
Pronatal
national security, labor shortages
Antinatalists
easier for nonelected government
EX:) China's one child policy
EX:) China's one child policy
Eurocentric
Works for North America and Europe but doesn't work for other countries
EX:) traditions of large families, Africa
EX:) traditions of large families, Africa
Immigration
Entering a country
Emmigration
Exiting a country
Types of migration
- Voluntary
- Forced
- Push V. Pull
- Forced
- Push V. Pull
Refugees
People who leave their country because of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, or political income
Least urbanized countries
Asia & Africa
Population Density
People per square area
Name the Three clusters
- European Cluster
- Indian Subcontinent Cluster
- East Asian Cluster
- Indian Subcontinent Cluster
- East Asian Cluster
Urban Primacy
Disproportionate size and influence
EX:) primate city: Bangkok, Cairo, Paris, Buenos Aires
EX:) primate city: Bangkok, Cairo, Paris, Buenos Aires
Urban Structure
Distribution and patterning of land use within a city
EX:) finance, gov't, housing, reailing, industry, central business district (CBD)
EX:) finance, gov't, housing, reailing, industry, central business district (CBD)
Urban Form
Physical arrangement of buildings, streets, parks, "unique sense of place"
Concentric Zone Model
- works best for younger cities
- shows the CBD, Transition zone, Blue collar residential, Middle income, commuter
- can predict where real estate prices go up
- shows the CBD, Transition zone, Blue collar residential, Middle income, commuter
- can predict where real estate prices go up
Overurbanization
Population grows quicker than the provision of necessary support services
Squatter Settlements
illegal developments on land neither owned or rented by the inhabitants
Sub-Saharan Africa : Population
- Growing quickly
- Young population
- Large families
- Short life expectancy
- Young population
- Large families
- Short life expectancy
The Six States that Account for over half the population of Sub-Saharan Africa
- Nigeria
- Ethiopia
- DR Congo
- South Africa
- Tanzania
- Sudan
- Ethiopia
- DR Congo
- South Africa
- Tanzania
- Sudan
Sub-Saharan Africa : Agricultural density
- 10 times greater than crude population density
- not a lot of good arable land for agriculture
- a lot of people where there is agriculture
- not a lot of good arable land for agriculture
- a lot of people where there is agriculture
Horn of Africa
- Ethiopia, Somalia (East Africa)
- Not crowded by global standards but population may be beyond carrying capacity
- food insecurities
- Not crowded by global standards but population may be beyond carrying capacity
- food insecurities
Neocolonial
Other counties telling them how to run things
Sub-Saharan Africa : Fertility
- High TFR
- Cultural practices, rural lifestyles, high child mortality, economic realities, young marriage age.
- Cultural practices, rural lifestyles, high child mortality, economic realities, young marriage age.
UN Cairo Conference : Sub-Saharan Africa
Africa decided 2% total fertility rate and 40% contraception
Sub-Saharan Africa : Settlement
- Widely scattered
- Concentrations in W, E highlands, SE (agriculture and mining)
- Concentrations in W, E highlands, SE (agriculture and mining)
Agricultural Subsistence : Sub-Saharan Africa
- produce for own consumption
- dominated by women
- dominated by women
Swidden Agriculture
- grow crop, burn it, let it sit
EX:) slash and burn / rotating crops
EX:) slash and burn / rotating crops
Plantation Agriculture : Sub-Saharan Africa
- grow to export and make money
EX:) cash crops
EX:) cash crops
East Asia : Population
- most densely populated region
- growth has plummeted since 1970s
EX:) China - one child policy, Japan - population loss, aging population
- growth has plummeted since 1970s
EX:) China - one child policy, Japan - population loss, aging population
East Asia : Settlement
- Most people in low coastal plains (best agriculture)
Japan : Agriculture and Settlement
- Highly urbanized
- Very mountainous country - small amount of flat land for agriculture
- Very mountainous country - small amount of flat land for agriculture
China, Korea, and Taiwan : Agriculture and Settlement
- population follows cities and agriculture
- China - coastal plains, S = rice, N = wheat, millet, sorghum, anthropogenic landscapes
- Korea and Taiwan - intense agriculture, limited land (import most food)
- China - coastal plains, S = rice, N = wheat, millet, sorghum, anthropogenic landscapes
- Korea and Taiwan - intense agriculture, limited land (import most food)
Central Place Theory : Urban Landscapes China
- Opposite of primate city
- Multiple cities of same size, importance, each serves the place
EX:) Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong
- Multiple cities of same size, importance, each serves the place
EX:) Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong
Urban Landscapes : Japan
- superconurbation
- urban "bipolarity"
- rural depopulation
- transit connections
- Historic architecture in Kyoto
- urban "bipolarity"
- rural depopulation
- transit connections
- Historic architecture in Kyoto
Superconurbation
a large urban area that contains multiple cities
Europe : Population and Settlement
- Population densities highest in the historical core
- Urban core with rural periphery
- Urban core with rural periphery
- Money comes from core
- migration from periphery to core
Europe : Central Core
- England
- Netherlands
- N. France
- N. Italy
- W. Germany
- Netherlands
- N. France
- N. Italy
- W. Germany
Europe : Growth
- slow natural growth
- DR > BR
- Negative growth rates but immigration makes them positive
- now a 5th stage in demographic transition
- DR > BR
- Negative growth rates but immigration makes them positive
- now a 5th stage in demographic transition
Fortess Europe and Schengen Agreement
- Can move/migrate through Europe easily
- Hard to move in from periphery
- Hard to move in from periphery
Urban Europe
- Three historical eras
- Medieval - center: wall cities, fort
- Renaissance - Baroque - control, big, broad roads, right angles
- Industrial - old factories
Caribbean : Population and Settlement
- High population density and increasingly urban
- Small islands have extreme densities
- limited arable land = urban migration
- Small islands have extreme densities
- limited arable land = urban migration
Caribbean : Greater Antilles
- Cuba
- Jamaica
- Puerto Rico
- Hispanol ( Haiti, DR)
- Higher densities
- Jamaica
- Puerto Rico
- Hispanol ( Haiti, DR)
- Higher densities
Caribbean : Rimland
Coastal areas in central and S. Africa
- Sparsely settled
- Sparsely settled
Caribbean : Fertility Decline
increased education, urbanization, preference for smaller families.
- Now stable at 1.2 %
- Now stable at 1.2 %
Caribbean : HIV/AIDS
- twice of N. America
- Lower than Africa
- Leading cause of death among young men in the English speaking Caribbean
- rates decrease recently due to gov't interaction
- Lower than Africa
- Leading cause of death among young men in the English speaking Caribbean
- rates decrease recently due to gov't interaction
Diaspora
Group spread across the world but has a distinct identity
Circular Migration
man or women leaves children behind, works hard, saves money, and returns home
Chain Migration
one family member leaves at a time
Transnational Migration
livilehood and homes between two nations
Caribbean : Emigration
- Driven by limited economic opportunities
- go to other Caribbean islands, NA, Europe
- go to other Caribbean islands, NA, Europe
Caribbean : Rural Settlement Patterns
- Plantation legacy
- Subsistence farming
- Impact of slavery
- Loosely organized communities
- Subsistence farming
- Impact of slavery
- Loosely organized communities
Caribbean : Cities
- Colonial influence
- Spanish influence
- Dominance of certain cities
- Spanish influence
- Dominance of certain cities
Caribbean : Urbanization Push Factors
lack of public services, employment, poor returns from agriculture
Caribbean : Urbanization Pull Factors
higher wages, high concentration of employment, variety of services, center of manufacturing & tourism, psychological pressure (sticks/boonies)
Caribbean : Urbanization Problems
- hope of new job and actually no job
- lack of housing, health services, and schools
- Results = shanty towns
- lack of housing, health services, and schools
- Results = shanty towns
Caribbean : Urbanization Solutions
- revive agriculture
- develop new agriculture
- provide land for lease for agriculture
- take utilities and services to rural areas
- manufacturing facilities in rural areas
- Build new towns and eradicate slums
- develop new agriculture
- provide land for lease for agriculture
- take utilities and services to rural areas
- manufacturing facilities in rural areas
- Build new towns and eradicate slums
North America : Population Current Patterns
- uneven pattern of distribution
- 90% of Canada within 100 miles of US border
- Metropolitan clusters dominate landscape
- 90% of Canada within 100 miles of US border
- Metropolitan clusters dominate landscape
Megalopolis
DC through Boston
Main Street Corridor
Quebec through Tronto
North America : Demographic History
- >1900: high RNI + immigrants = growth
- 1900 - WWII: decrease in birth rates but constant high immigration
- After WWII: baby boom 1945-1965
- Today: low RNI but high immigration rates = increase
North America : Westward Migration
1990 more than half of the population lived west of Mississippi
North American : City Growth
- away from city center
- Changing transportation technologies
- Urban decentralization
- Changing transportation technologies
- Urban decentralization
Urban Realms Model
- Highlights new suburban growth
- Edge Cities
- Edge Cities
North America : Gentrification
when people move back to city
- old urban area, invest money, now residential area
- old urban area, invest money, now residential area
North America : Suburban
- Urban Periphery
- Decentrification
- Decentrification
Cadastral
Property Ownership
Field
Subdivision of land for agriculture
Survey
pre-settlement
Hamlet
fragmented, no distinct pattern ( U.K.)
Unit - Block
township and range, nice divided up units
Long-lots
road, river, canal. houses facing road and log lot behind house
Metes and Bounds
uses direction and length from distinctive marker. Problem is that markers disappear
Culture
Weaving binding together the world's diverse fabric; shared behavior held in common by a group.
Tension
always tradition vs. change
Culture syncretism
hybrid between the cultures that create something new.
ethnic religions
born into, not out and trying to convert people.
secularization
removing control from regions of the church
formal regions
an area inhabited by people who have one or more traits in common
formal regions characteristics
- most based on more than one cultural trait
- broad cultural boarders
- core-periphery
- broad cultural boarders
- core-periphery
Functional region
organized to function politically, socially, or economically as one unit.
- may not concide with formal region
- may not concide with formal region
nodes
points that are connected not always associated with formal region
Vernacular region
perceived to exist by its inhabitants
- lack sharp boarders
- how people define themselves
- lack sharp boarders
- how people define themselves
cultural landscape
all bulit forms that cultural groups create in inhabiting the earth
symbolic landscapes (forms)
1. settlement forms: dispersed, houses
2. land-division patterns
3. architectural styles: way houses are put together
2. land-division patterns
3. architectural styles: way houses are put together
material culture
objects or things
nonmaterial culture
wide range of beliefs, values, myths, and symbolic meanings
indigenous culture
native or of native origin. culture before europeans
ILO
indigenous people are self-identified tribal peoples whose social, cultural, and economic conditions distinguish them from the national society of their host state
-oldest culture before europeans
-oldest culture before europeans
Folk culture
traditional life in rural spaces ex: omish
1. old-fashioned, rural, strong family, order through family, handmade stuff
1. old-fashioned, rural, strong family, order through family, handmade stuff
Popular culture
generated from and concentrated in urban areas.
1. luxury goods, factories, less personal relationships, weak family, mass media, individualism
1. luxury goods, factories, less personal relationships, weak family, mass media, individualism
placelessness
a spatial standardization that diminishes regional variety and demeans the human spirit.
- because people are so mobile
- difficult to tell the difference ex: mcdonalds
- because people are so mobile
- difficult to tell the difference ex: mcdonalds
folk architecture
traditional buildings
- traditional, conservative, functional
- traditional, conservative, functional
landscapes of popular culture
mass-produced suburban houses, golf course, neon-lit strips. constant change. five-stage model of strip evolution
south asia : cultural coherence and diversity
well defined, historically: hindu, Islam added, british imperalism, Hindu nationalism, islamic fundamentalism
South Asia : common heritage and religious rivalries
India: secular society, promoted Hindu
Pakistand: Muslim secular, want to establish islamic state
Pakistand: Muslim secular, want to establish islamic state
South Asia : origin civilizations
indus valley, ganges valley
1. Hinduism (dominante)
2. Buddhism
3. Islam
1. Hinduism (dominante)
2. Buddhism
3. Islam
Sanskrit
writing form of hinduism
Islam
- Monotheistic (Allah)
- No fancey celebrations
- all believers stand in the same relationship to god (spiritually egalitarian)
- No fancey celebrations
- all believers stand in the same relationship to god (spiritually egalitarian)
Hindusim
- Complex
- polytheistic
- lavish in rituals
- caste structured (class)
- reincarnated : if you live a good life you can move up in system
- polytheistic
- lavish in rituals
- caste structured (class)
- reincarnated : if you live a good life you can move up in system
Caste System
- Hindu social order
- Hierarchy
- Dalits (untouchables, lowest)
-
- Hierarchy
- Dalits (untouchables, lowest)
-
Caste System : Brahmins
Priests
Caste System : Kshatriyas
warriors
Caste System : Vaishyas
merchants
Caste System : sudras
labors
Caste System : dalits
low class
South Asia : Contemporary religion
very diverse
South Asia : Linguistic Diversity
- 23 official languages
- English is associate official language
- English is associate official language
South Asia : Global cultural context
- use of English
- global spread os south asian culture
- migration out of south asia
- professionals to US
- Cultural tensions
- global spread os south asian culture
- migration out of south asia
- professionals to US
- Cultural tensions
SE Asia
lacks historical dominance of single civilization
SE Asia : major cultural traditions (south asia)
- Hindu
- Buddhism
- Buddhism
SE Asia : major cultural traditions (china)
- vietnam as colony
- Migration to : phillippines, malaysia, singapore
- tension with indigenous majority: minority with power
- Migration to : phillippines, malaysia, singapore
- tension with indigenous majority: minority with power
SE Asia : major cultural traditions (Islam)
- had early muslim merchants
- indonesia: world's most populous muslim country
- rise in fundamentalism
- indonesia: world's most populous muslim country
- rise in fundamentalism
SE Asia : major cultural traditions(Christianity and indigenous culture)
- Christian mission
- french (vietnam), spanish (phillippenes)
- french (vietnam), spanish (phillippenes)
SE Asia : major cultural traditions (communism)
wain in power of communists creates growth in religion
Ex.) laus, cambodia, vietnam
Ex.) laus, cambodia, vietnam
SE Asia : religions
many different religions
SE Asia : Language
several hundered languages from five major linguistic families
SE Asia : five linguistic families
1. Austronesian: most wide spread
2. Tibeto-Burman
3. Tai-kadai (orgin S. china)
4. Mon-Khmer
5. Papuan
2. Tibeto-Burman
3. Tai-kadai (orgin S. china)
4. Mon-Khmer
5. Papuan
Russian state
- mixture of sweds and slavs
- established E. orthodox church
- cossacks got rid of the Tartar rule
- established E. orthodox church
- cossacks got rid of the Tartar rule
Slavic people
distinctive northern branc eof the indo-european language family.
Russia : religion and language
very diverse
Russia : culture in a global context
resistance to outside influences, particularly modernism, monarchy.
- inward orientation toward traditional forms of expressions
- outward orientation directed to western Europe
- inward orientation toward traditional forms of expressions
- outward orientation directed to western Europe
The Caribbean : Culture divesity
- complex mix of cultures
- language, religion, and ethnic diversity
- creolizaiton
- fragmented polycultural region (islands = different culture)
- language, religion, and ethnic diversity
- creolizaiton
- fragmented polycultural region (islands = different culture)
The Caribbean : colonialism
- plantation america
- monocrop production
- south asian immigration (indentured labor)
- monocrop production
- south asian immigration (indentured labor)
The Caribbean : The Maroons
- communities of runaway slaves
- survival of tradition
- land conflicts
- pressures to modernize
- survival of tradition
- land conflicts
- pressures to modernize
The Caribbean : Vodun (vudu)
- northern Haiti
- cult mixes islamic, african and catholic elements
- cult mixes islamic, african and catholic elements
Vudu
Loas: african deities handed down through generations (gods)
Hougans: live and dead possessed by loas (people)
Hougans: live and dead possessed by loas (people)
The Caribbean : Santeria
- Cuban worship of african deities ( yoruba
- syncretism of african deities and catholic saints
- animal sacrifices
- african drumming, singing, dancing
- stones, blood herbs to worship
- syncretism of african deities and catholic saints
- animal sacrifices
- african drumming, singing, dancing
- stones, blood herbs to worship
Africian deities
gives it a catholic saints name
The Caribbean : creolization
blending of African, European and amerindian cultural elements
- language
- music
- language
- music
The Caribbean : music
syncopated rythms and call and response (africa) and major and minor keys and string insturments (europe)
The Caribbean : Music Cuba (son)
- Cuban jazz
- origins in E. Cuba
- Europe : string music
- Africa : call and response and rhythm
- mix of spanish and african
EX.) Cha-cha-cha
- origins in E. Cuba
- Europe : string music
- Africa : call and response and rhythm
- mix of spanish and african
EX.) Cha-cha-cha
The Caribbean : Music Cuba after castro
- new styles
- focus on cuban heritage
- protest music (nueva trova)
- focus on cuban heritage
- protest music (nueva trova)
The Caribbean : Music Puerto Rico (salsa)
- developed in NYC by puerto rican emmigrants
- sun/mambo/rumba complex
- latin music
- sun/mambo/rumba complex
- latin music
The Caribbean : Music Jamaica (Mento and reggae)
Mento : original folk music with guitar, banjo, fife, rhumba box.
- 1950's seeds of reggae
(the sound system)
- 1950's seeds of reggae
(the sound system)
Ska
jamaican rhythm and blues, mento and calypso, songs about local people and issues
rock steady
jamaican soul, slower version of ska without horns 60's
reggae
social, political commentary that integrates rastafarism spirituality, 70s
North America : Cultural coherence and diversity
- globally dominany and diverse culture
- ethnic groups
- cultural assimiilation
- ethnic groups
- cultural assimiilation
nation-state
relatively homogenous cultural group occupying it fully independent political territory
- weakened by globalization: migration, multiculturalism, seperatism, multinational organizations
- weakened by globalization: migration, multiculturalism, seperatism, multinational organizations
geopolitics
- close link between politics and geography
- interactivity between power, territory, ans space at all scales
- interactivity between power, territory, ans space at all scales
terrorism
violence directed at nonmilitary targets
insurgency
armed rebellion to gain independence, autonomy, and territorial control
autonomy
independence, freedom, self-government
territoriality
-the need to belong to a larger group
- the need to control a place of the earth
- the need to control a place of the earth
shape can be:
- compact
- elongated
- fragmented
- perforated
- elongated
- fragmented
- perforated
boundary types
- marchlands
- buffer state
- natural
- ethnographic
- geometric
- relic
- buffer state
- natural
- ethnographic
- geometric
- relic
How many people are on earth
7 billion
where does 90% of population growth take place?
Africa, south and east Asia, and Latin America
Population density of the world?
112 person/sq mile
population density of new hanover county
800 people/sq mile
the five most populous nations?
1. China
2. India
3. U.S.
4. Indonesia
5. Brazil
2. India
3. U.S.
4. Indonesia
5. Brazil
Where are more of the younger people/population located?
Africa
where are more of the older people/population located?
Europe
Malthusian
there will be a big crash because there is not enough resources
About this deck
By: Tori Rightmyer
Textbook: Diversity Amid Globalization: World Regions, Environment, Development (5th Edition)
Created: 2012-02-25
Size: 154 flashcards
Views: 40
Textbook:
Diversity Amid Globalization: World Regions, Environment, Development (5th Edition)Created: 2012-02-25
Size: 154 flashcards
Views: 40
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
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STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy