Exam 2

Biology 107 with Higginbotham at Southeastern Louisiana University

About this deck

By: lori thompson
Created: 2012-03-11
Size: 40 flashcards
Views: 26

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Diversity

All living things

Domain

broadest category of all

Prokaryotes

(bacteria) (no nucleus, no organelles, small simple, bacteria)

Archaebacteria

(Archae = extremists)

Halophile

“salt lovers”
(dead sea, contaminate sea salt)

Thermophile

“heat lovers”
(temperature 212*, sea vents, geysers, volcanoes)

Cryophiles

“cold lovers”

Methanogens

methane makers (CH₄)
(Anaerobic, intestines and deep in mud)

Eubacteria

Live everywhere

By biomass 10x prokaryotic cells than eukaryotic cells on earth

^{Photoautotrophs}

Eubacteria that are self feeders – Photosynthesis

Uses sunlight CO₂ - C₆H₁₂O₆

Ex: cyanobacteria – blue green algae (slimy stuff on pond) (Used in protein shake mix, contains a lot of protein)

^{chemoautotrophs}

Eubakteria that is self feeder

use other chemicals/elements to produce food

N2 fixing or H2 or sulfur

^{Photoherotrophs}

Eubakteria that Consumes its carbon source

Still photosynthesize

Purple green algae or bacteria

^{Chemoheterotrophs}

Eubacteria that Consume everything form the environment

Decomposers

parasites (gets nutrients from living organisms)

sopozoic (gets nutrients from dead and decaying organisms)

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Separate because of different structure

RNA and cell wall

Her cow story

**Cow flatulence was blamed for the greenhouse effect. Now they blame the SUVs. These studies were beneficial because they identified the methane as an alternative fuel source. People in California even collect pet poop to use to get the methane.**

Structure of bacteria/prokaryotes

DNA – free floating in cytoplasm

Ribosomes - free floating, makes proteins

Cell wall – structure, shape and strength

Slime layer – polysaccharides and proteins (Outside cell wall)

Pilli – stiff structures (“sex Pilli” join with other bacteria)

Biofilm

aggregates of bacteria held together by slime layer (this is what causes infections)

Similar to sliminess on teeth when you wake up in morning

Endospores

only rod shaped
Form an internal cyst
Encloses DNA and enzymes and rest dies. Resistant to ph, salt, temp, and time. In right environment Enzymes kick in and new bacteria
Used for bioweapons
(Anthrax)

Growth of prokaryotes/bacteria

Don’t measure growth in size of cell

Measure in numbers, size of population

Prokaryotic fission
(asexual reproduction)

Replicates DNA/RNA (Doubles stuff)

Splits into 2 identical daughter cells

can happen every 20 minutes (quickly)

Can get mutations because it happens so quickly

Can exploit good habitats

Explosion of growth

Prokaryotic conjugation
^{(horizontal gene transfer)}

Survival technique, stress response

Join by sex Pilli, share a plasmid with a little DNA

Actually spread antibiotic resistance

Can pick up DNA from environment

Viruses can transfer DNA changing it

Classification of bacteria

Cant use the Linnaeus system cant us biological species concept

Call them strains

Bacteria that look similar with slight differences in DNA

Look at shape and gram staining

Cocci

round, sphere

Streptococcus

chains of circles

Strep infection

^{Staphylococcus}

clusters, groups or bunches of circles

Staph infection

Bacilli

rod shaped

Only ones to form endospores

Streptobacilli

chains of bacilli (rods)

Anthrax is actually Bacillios anthris

Spirally

Spirally – helical, spirals

Spirillium – corkscrew

(Lyme’s disease)

Vibrios

short curved pieces

Gram staining

Uses 2 different stains (red and purple)

Gram positive (Absorbs both colors and looks purple)

Gram negative (Only absorbs the red. Has a tougher cell wall. More resistant. All archea)

pathogenic bacteria

disease causing

invade target

explosion of growth – impedes function of target

some bacteria produce toxins

(toxins can kill)

tetanus (causes lock jaw, cannot be reversed), botulism (paralyses in the relaxed position (1 gram can kill 15 million people))

anaerobic, rod shaped

produce a paralyzing toxin

some bacteria have been around a long time

black death – bubonic plague (14^th century, 100 million dead. Caused by the fleas on rats. Still here, 2,00 - 3,000 cases a year. in U.S. southwest)

leapersy – (kept quarantined in Carville , Louisiana until recently)

some bacteria are new

Lyme’s disease

First seen in 1975 in PA. Carried by deer ticks. They thought 10 years ago that it was isolated but it has spread. Pinch close to head and twist to get the head out. next day look for a bull’s-eye rash

some bacteria keep coming back

things we thought we had eradicated
STDs – gonorrhea, syphilis, and Chlamydia (LA ranked #1, #2, and #3 in the US)
TB – tuberculosis (Was gone in the U.S.
brought back by the illegal immigrants
drug users) (normal TB takes months of treatments. people not wanting to keep up with treatment and don’t have money stop going and it mutates to a more resistant form. more resistant strain takes 2 years)

Some bacteria are too common to ever be free of

“strep” throat, Pneumonia

Flesh eating disease (Dude had a medical tool left in him. Got flesh eating disease) Ecoli – (spinach, peanut butter, in cow stomach. meat contaminated by fecal matter. you eat and it gets in your intestines) listeria - (cantaloupe) salmonella – (chicken, tomatoes, peppers (most people get over it.)

Her story of knee surguries

Dad went in for knee surgery

Friend called who had it week before

Wife had flesh eating disease from visiting him after his surgery

Went to hospital, was in same room, he made them move him

Next day, the wife was next door. Lost her thumb

Husband had knee surgery in navy

Dr dropped his knee cap and broke it

some bacteria are beneficial

More bacteria in your mouth right now than mammals on the earth.

photosynthetic (put oxygen into your environment. bottom of the food chain)

true vegetarian (cows, rabbit, koalas. symbiotic bacteria in their intestines.)

ecoli in our intestines (help us digest food. help us produce vitamin K & B)

some bacteria are beneficial 2

cheese, yogurt, and sauerkraut (fermentation of bacteria)

probiotics (live cultures of bacteria. put in good bacteria, keeps out bad. prevents virus. lower cholesterol. cure eczema)

About this deck

By: lori thompson
Created: 2012-03-11
Size: 40 flashcards
Views: 26

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj