Exam 2

Psychology 1103 with Smith at University of Connecticut

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By: Allie Risbridger
Created: 2012-04-02
Size: 110 flashcards
Views: 23

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Personality

pattern of enduring distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

studies main determinant of personality development

processes influence behavior

constant conflict between desire to meet sexual urges and realities of living

instincts and reservoir of physic energy

completely unconscious

pleasure principle

Ego

deals with demand of reality

operates at conscious or unconscious level

Superego

moral branch of personality

ego balances demands from id and restrictions from superego

operates at conscious or unconscious level

Ego's Defense Mechanisms

conflict between the id, ego, and superego results in defense mechanisms reduce anxiety or guilt by repression

foundation for all defense mechanisms

push unacceptable impulses out of awareness

Defense mechanisms

Repression

Denial

Displacement

Projection

Sublimation

Rationalization

Reaction formation

Regression

Psychosexual stages

Oral stage (0-18 months)

Anal stage (18-36 months)

Phallic stage (3-6 years)

Latency stage (6 years-puberty)

Genital stage (adolescence and adulthood)

Oral stage

0-18 months

infant's pleasure centers in the mouth

Anal stage

18-36 months

child's pleasure involves eliminative functions

Phallic stage

3-6 years

child pleasure focuses on the genitals

Oedipal complex

Electra complex

Latency stage

6 years-puberty

psychic "time-out"

interest in sexuality is repressed

Genital stage

adolescence and adulthood

sexual reawakening

source of sexual pleasure is someone else

fixation: remain locked in particular development stage (e.g. anal retentive)

Criticisms of Psychodynamic Theory

too much emphasis on early experiences

too much faith in unconscious mind's control

too much emphasis on sexual instincts

theory cannot be tested

pessimistic view of people

Psychodynamic approach to personality assessment

understanding personality involves exploring the symbolic meanings of behavior and the unconscious mind

psychoanalysis

analyze dreams

hypnosis

projective tests

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a series of ambiguous pictures viewed one at a time

elicited stories reveal an individual's personality

Rorschach inkblot test

personality score based on description of inkblots

Humanistic perspectives

emphasis on a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities

Abraham Maslow

self-actualization

a person at this level is:

tolerant of others

gentle sense of humor

pursue the greater good

Carl Rogers

personal growth and self-determination

self-concept: who we are and who we wish to become

unconditional positive regard (conditions of worth)

promoting optimal functioning (empathy and genuineness)

just want love and acceptance

Self-concept

an individual's overall perceptions and assessments of his or her abilities, behavior, and personality

Evaluating humanistic perspectives

considers positive aspects of human nature

self-perception is key to personality

emphasize conscious experience

Personological perspectives

Focusing on an individual's life history or life story

Henry Murray

Personology: study of the whole person

motives are largely unconscious (need for achievement, affiliation, and power)

Dan McAdams

our life story is our identity

intimacy motive

psychobiography

Intimacy motive (Dan McAdams)

enduring concern for warm interpersonal encounters for their own sake

Psychobiography

means of inquiry in which the personality psychologist attempts to apply a personality theory to a single person's life

Life story approach criticisms

difficult and time-consuming

extensive coding and content analysis

Behavioral genetics

twin studies reveal substantial genetic influence on personality

Personality and the brain

brain damage alters personality

brain responses correlate with personality

critics: biology cause or effect?

Trait perspectives

traits are the building blocks of personality

strong vs. weak tendencies

Gordon Allport

people evaluate themselves

personality understood through traits

lexical approach --> 4500 traits

W.T. Norman

five factor model: OCEAN

broad traits are main dimensions of personality

OCEAN

Openness: imaginative or practical, variety or routine, independent or conforming

Conscientiousness: organized or disorganized, careful or careless, disciplined or impulsive

Extraversion: sociable or retiring, fun loving or somber, energetic or reserved

Agreeableness: softhearted or ruthless, trusting or suspicious, helpful or uncooperative

Neuroticism: calm or anxious, secure or insecure, self-satisfied or self-pitying

Social cognitive perspectives

theoretical views emphasizing conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals

Walter Mishel

CAPS Model of Personality

interconnections among cognitions and emotions affect our behavior

Conscious processes (social cognitive perspectives)

Interpretation of situation

Reasoning

Beliefs

Expectations

Goals

Personal control

Personality and health/wellness

Personality traits correlated with health:

Conscientiousness

Personal control

Self-efficacy

Optimism

Type A/Type B behavior pattern

Subjective well-being

Personality Assessment

Myers Briggs Type Indicator

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Self-Report Tests

Horney's Sociocultural Approach

against Freud.
women are envious of the status bestowed upon men
men are envious of the reproductive capabilities of women "womb envy"
need for security, not sex, as prime motive

Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Four dimensions used to make personal decisions:

Extraversion-introversion

Sensing-intuiting

Thinking-feeling

Judgment-perception

Barnum effect

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

567 items

controls for social desirability

assesses mental health and used to make hiring decisions and to determine criminal risk

Self-Report tests

beware social desirability

empirically keyed tests used to get around social desirability problem

test takers don't know what's being measured

test items not related to purpose of test

Stress

the response of individuals to environmental stressors

Types of Stress

Pressure

Microstressors

Conflict: conflict that arises when 2 or more motives cannot be satisfied because they interfere with one another

Psychological stressors

Frustrating/pressuredsituations

Daily hassles & conflict

Life changes & strains

Chronic stress

Catastrophic events

Boredom

Stress Research Methodology

limited to studying stress in naturally occurring environments

Types of stress measures

Self-report

SRRS, LES, daily hassles

Behavioral

Physiological/biochemical

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

Measures stress in Life Change Units (LCUs)

Life Experiences Survey (LES)

measures stress as perception of how intensely +/- events are

Stress Responses

Psychological

-emotional

-cognitive

Behavioral

-strained facial expressions, shaky voice, posture change

-aggression

Physical

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Alarm: temporary state of shock during which resistance to illness and stress falls below normal limits

Resistance: number of glands throughout the body manufacture different hormones that in a short time adversely affect the functioning of the immune system

Exhaustion: if the body's all out efforts to combat stress fails, and the stress persists

Psychoneuroimmunology

study of the effects of stress, emotions, thoughts, and behavior on the immune system

3 major types of consequences of stress

1. lower efficiency of immune systems, more susceptible to disease

2. promotes disease-producing processes

3. may cause activation of dormant viruses that diminish individual's ability to cope with disease

Stress Mediators

Cognitive appraisal

Social support

Personality

Personality (stress mediator)

Optimism vs. negative affectivity

Hardiness: thrive in the face of stress

Type A behavior: excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, hostile

Coping with stress

Cognitive appraisal

Emotion-focused vs. problem-focused coping (gender differences)

Stress management programs

Religious coping

Abnormal behavior

Deviant (atypical)

Maladaptive (dysfunctional)

Personally distressing (despair)

Theoretical approaches (psychological disorders)

Biological (medical model)

Psychological

Sociocultural

Biopsychosocial

DSM-IV Classification System

Multiaxial system

Axis I and II: Psychological disorders

Axis III: General medical conditions

Axis IV: Psychosocial/environmental problems

Axis V: Current level of functioning

Advantages of DSM-IV

provides a common basis for communication

naming the disorder can provide comfort

Disadvantages of DSM-IV

medical terminology implies internal cause

focus on weakness ignores strength

Anxiety disorders

uncontrollable fears that are disproportionate and disruptive

Generalized anxiety disorder (diagnosis and symptoms)

Persistent anxiety for at least 6 months

Inability to specify reasons for the anxiety

Generalized anxiety disorder (etiology)

Biological factors: genetic predisposition, GABA deficiency, respiration

Psychological and sociocultural factors: harsh self-standards, critical parents, negative thoughts, trauma

Panic disorder (diagnosis and symptoms)

recurrent, sudden onset of intense terror that often occur without warning

Panic disorder (etiology)

Biological factors: genetic predisposition

Psychological factors: misinterpret arousal

Sociocultural factors: gender differences

Phobic disorder (diagnosis and symptoms)

an irrational, overwhelming persistent fear of a particular object or situation (e.g. social phobia)

Phobic disorder (etiology)

Biological factors: genetic disposition

Psychological factors: learned

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (diagnosis and symptoms)

persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (etiology)

Biological factors: genetic disposition

Psychological factors: life stress

Post-traumatic stress disorder (diagnosis and symptoms)

symptoms develop as a result of exposure to a traumatic event, oppressive situation, natural or unnatural disasters

flashbacks, constricted ability to feel emotions, excessive arousal, difficulties with memory and concentration, feelings of apprehension, impulsive outbursts

Post-traumatic stress disorder (etiology)

trauma

vulnerability: previous history of trauma, genetic predispositions

Mood disorders

Cognitive, behavioral, or physical symptoms

interpersonal difficulties

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) diagnosis and symptoms

significant depressive episode that lasts for at least 2 weeks

defined by presence of at least 5 out of 9 symptoms

daily functioning is impaired

MDD Etiology

Biological factors: genetic disposition (underactive prefontal cortex, regulation of neurotransmitters)

Psychological factors: learned helplessness, ruminating on negative, self-defeating thoughts, pessimistic attributions

Sociocultural factors: poverty, gender differences

Dysthymic Disorder (DD)

Depression: unbroken depressed mood lasting at least 2 years (adult) or one year (child)

Defined by presence of 2 out of 6 symptoms: appetite disturbance, sleep disturbance, low energy/fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration, feelings of hopelessness

Bipolar disorder

characterized by extreme mood swings

frequency and separating of episodes: usually separated by 6 months to a year

strong genetic component

swings in metabolic activity in cerebral cortex

Suicide prevalence

Every 14.2 minutes someone in the U.S. dies by suicide

10th leading cause of death in US

3rd leading cause of death in adolescence (10-19 years)

Each year nearly 1,000,000 people attempt suicide

Suicide factors

poor health, mental disorders, substance abuse, chronic economic hardship, loss of loved one, gender differences

Dissociation

protection from extreme stress or shock

problems integrating emotional memories

Types of dissociative disorders

Dissociative amnesia

Dissociative fugue

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

diagnosis and symptoms: each personality has unique memories, behaviors, relationships

only one personality is dominant at a time

personality shifts occur under distress

social cognition, mostly women, runs in families

Schizophrenia

pattern of serious symptoms involving severely disturbed thinking, emotion, perception and behavior

split from reality

typically diagnosed in late adolescence/early adulthood

high suicide risk

Schizophrenia (etiology)

genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, regulation of neurotransmitters

diathesis-stress model

sociocultural factors influence how disorder progresses

Schizophrenia (disturbances in thinking)

neologisms, loose associations, clang associations, word salad

Delusions: being watched, of persecution, of grandeur, of reference, thought control, thought broadcasting

Schizophrenia (disturbances in emotion)

Flat or blunted affect, inappropriate affect

Schizophrenia (disturbances in perception and attention)

impaired ability to interpret info and make decisions

feeling detached from world

hallucinations: sensations without external stimuli to produce them

Schizophrenia (disturbances in movement and behavior)

agitated movement

catatonia

decreased movement and behavior

Subtypes

Residual

Disorganized: delusions, hallucinations, incoherent speech, flat affect, poor hygiene

Catatonic: movement disorders

Paranoid: argumentative and angry

Undifferentiated

Personality disorders

chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns

Antisocial Personality Disorder

genetic, brain, and nervous system differences

Borderline Personality Disorder

impulsive, insecure, unstable and extreme emotions

genetic, childhood abuse

irrational belief one is powerless, unacceptable, and that others are hostile

Stereotypes and stigmas of mental disorders

negative attitudes toward mentally ill

successfully functioning individuals with mental illness reluctant to "come out"

Biological therapy

Drug therapy

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Psychosurgery

Drug therapy

Antidepressants: influence levels/uptake of serotonin, norepinephrine

Antianxiety meds (tranquilizers)

Antipsychotics block dopamine

Psychotherapy

helps people recognize and overcome psychological and interpersonal difficulties

Psychodynamic therapies

Assumptions

Emphasis of this approach: unconscious mind, early childhood experience, therapeutic interpretation

Methods: free association, dream interpretation, catharsis, analysis of everyday behavior

Humanistic Therapies

Self-healing, conscious thoughts, self-fulfillment

Methods: person-centered therapy, provide unconditional positive regard, provide empathy

Behavior therapies

overt behavior change

classical and operant conditioning

Cognitive Therapies

individual's thoughts are main source of abnormal behavior

attempt to change person's feelings and behaviors by changing thoughts

Ellis's rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

based on that individuals develop psychological disorders because of their beliefs, especially irrational ones

Beck's cognitive therapy

especially effective for depression

helps the client learn about logical errors in thinking and then guides them in challenging them in these errors

Cognitive behavior therapy

combines cognitive and behavior therapy techniques, self-efficacy and self-instructional methods are also used

Sociocultural approaches

influence of social/cultural factors

Group therapy

Family and couples therapy

Self-help support groups

Community mental health

Common themes in successful psychotherapy

Expectations of help

Increased sense of competence

Therapeutic alliance

Single most important factor for predicting success

Oedipus complex

phallic stage

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desire toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

castration anxiety (fears his father will castrate him)

adopts male gender role to identify with his father

Penis envy

phallic stage for girls

girls develop envy of a penis, desire to marry and bear children to have a penis

What is the Jung's Analytical Theory?

•Collective Unconscious

the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past

Adler's Individual Psychology

-Stresses the motivation for perfection

-Universal attempt to improve oneself and master life's challenges

About this deck

By: Allie Risbridger
Created: 2012-04-02
Size: 110 flashcards
Views: 23

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj