Exam 2

Biology 1020 with Zhong at Auburn University

About this deck

By: Audra Graves
Created: 2012-10-02
Size: 110 flashcards
Views: 120

About StudyBlue

STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school. Things like online flashcards with photos and audio. Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next. Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone. STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj

Sign up (free) to study this.

catabolic pathways

metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules

The ATP made duringglycolysis is generated by

substrate-levelphosphorylation

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?

cytosol

Which process in eukaryoticcells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O₂) is present or absent...

Glycolysis

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

NADH and pyruvate

In glycolysis, for eachmolecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate ...

2 molecules of ATP are usedand 4 molecules of ATP are produced

Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase?

it uses ATP then forms a net increase in ATP

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?

acetyl CoA

During cellularrespiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?

mitochondrial matrix

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

If pyruvate oxidation is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid in the citric acid cycle?

both oxaloacetate and citric acid will decrease

For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced?

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.

oxidative phosphorylation

____ is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration.

Oxygen

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.

NADH and FADH₂ ... intermembrane space acetyl CoA ...

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.

kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chainlocated?

mitochondrial innermembrane

In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by

a proton gradient across a membrane

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to...

act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

during aerobic respiration, water is formed. where does the oxygen atom for the formation of the water come from?

molecular oxygen

The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells is

the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the

creation of a proton-motive force

Which catabolic processes may have been used by cells on ancient Earth before free oxygen became available?

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, using an electron acceptor other than oxygen

In muscle cells, fermentation produces what?

lactate and NAD+

what is reduced and what is oxidized in fermentation?

pyruvate is reduced

glucose is oxidized

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?

Glycolysis

In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH during the...

reducation of acetaldehyde to ethanol

one function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

oxidize NADH to NAD+

High levels of citric acid inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase, a key enzyme in glycolysis. Citric acid binds to the enzyme at a different location from the active site. This is an example of

allosteric regulation.

What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?

breakdown of fatty acids

Most CO₂ from catabolism is released during

the citric acid cycle.

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms.

True or false? The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane.

False

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of

splitting of water molecules

Products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

Photosynthesis is a redox reaction. This means that H₂O is _____ during the light reactions and CO₂is _____ during the Calvin cycle.

oxidized, reduced

What is directly associated with photosystem I?

receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain

Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II

the electron vacancies are filled by electrons derived from water

In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts chemiosmosis translocates protons from

the stroma to the thyakoid compartment

In a plant cell, where are theATP synthase complexes located?

thylakoid membrane
inner mitochondrial membrane

What BEST describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while cellular respiration releases it.

Generation of proton gradientsacross membranes occurs during..

both photosynthesis and respiration

What is the importance of the light-independent reactions in terms of carbon flow in the biosphere?

The light-independent reactions turn CO₂, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars.

True or false? The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis use water and produce oxygen.

True

What molecule is the primary product of photosystem I?

NADPH

What is the biological significance of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

They convert carbon dioxide to sugar.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light-independent reactions.

What reaction ensures that the Calvin cycle can make a continuous supply of glucose?

regineration of RuBP

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.

RuBP

After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____.

NADPH

overall function of Calvin Cycle

making sugar

the NADPH required for the calvin cycle comes from

the reactions initiated in photosystem I

In C₄ and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.

cytoplasm

C₄ plants occur more commonly in desert conditions because _____.

they can fix carbon at the lower CO₂ concentrations that develop when the stomata are closed

Why are C₄ plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?

They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO₂

CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they

fix CO₂into organic acids during the night.

photoautotrophs

use light as energy source, use CO₂ as carbon source

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the calvin cycle with ________.

ATP and NADPH

How is photosynthesis similar in C₄ plants and CAM plants?

In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.

What does not occur during the Calvin cycle?

release of oxygen

In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to

oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration

What are the products of linear electron flow?

ATP and NADPH

What does the chemiosmoticprocess in chloroplasts involve?

establishment of a proton gradient

selective permeability

the property of a membrane that allows some substances to pass through, but not others.

Light Microscope (LM)

Light passes through a specimen and through glass lenses.

organelles

membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells

electron microscope (EM)

rather than light, it focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto it's surface

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

used for detailed study of the topography of a specimen. electron beam scans the surface of the sample, usually coated with a thin layer of gold.beam excites the electrons on the surface

tramission electron microscope (TEM)

used to study the internal structure of cells. aims an electron beam through a thin section of the specimen. specimen stained with atoms of heavy metals

cell fractionation

takes cells apart and seperactes major organelles and other subcellular structures. used to study the function of specific organelles

plasma membrane

all cells have this, bounded by a selective barrier.

cytosol

semifluid inside all cells in which subcellular components are suspended

chromosomes

all cells contain them, they carry genes in the form of DNA

ribosomes

tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes

differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

PRO

-no true nucleus, evolved first, pro=before, contains limited organelles

-DNA concentrated in a region that is not membrane-enclosed region: nucleoid

-contains nucleus, evolved after, eu=true/new

wider variety of organelles

-most of DNA is in the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane

BOTH

-cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material (DNA)

nucleoid

not membrane-enclosed, contains prokaryotic's DNA.

cytoplasm

interior of either type of cell

plasma membrane

functions as a selective barrier that allows the passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell

microvilli

usually located on cells that exchange a lot of material with their surroundings. long, thin projections from the cell's surface. increases surface area without much increase in volume

structure of animal cells & plant cells

pg.100-101

nuclear envelope

encloses the nucleus, separating it's parts from the cytoplasm

pore complex

intricate protein structure that lines each pore on nuclear envelope that plays role in entering and exit of proteins and RNAs

nuclear lamina

nuclear side of envelope; a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope.

chromosomes

located within the nucleus. units in which the DNA are organized in. each chromosome contains one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins.

chromatin

part of a chromosome from a non-dividing cell

ribosomes

complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein. cellular components that carry out protein synthesis. build proteins.

free ribosomes and bound ribosomes

suspended in cytosol, synthesize proteins that will be used inside the cell; attached to outside of ER or nuclear envelope, syntheisize proteins that are either leaving the cell, are membrane bound, or are heading to lysosomes

endomembrane system

includes the nuclear envelope the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles vacoules, and plasma membrane. carries out variety of tasks: synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons

vesicles

tiny sacs made of membrane

endoplasmic reticulum

extensive network of membranes. consists of smooth ER and rough ER.

smooth ER

surface lacks ribosomes. stores calcium ions, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies drugs/poisons.

rough ER

surface studded with ribosomes. many cells secrete proteins produced by these ribosomes. also a membrane factory for the cell. grows in place by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids. also, like smooth ER, makes membrane phospholipids,

glycoproteins

secretory proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them.

many transport vesicles travel here after leaving ER. products of ER are modified, stored and sent to other destinations. consists of flattened membranous sacs-cisternae.

cis vs. trans faces of Golgi apparatus

cis: receiving side of Golgi, located near ER

trans: shipping side of Golgi, located near plasma membrane and lysosome

lysosome

a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules. fights pathogens, repairs damaged tissue

Phagocytosis

The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances of other cells. food vacoule fuses with a lysosome, whose enzymes digest the food

Autophagy

A cell recycles its own worn out cell parts

vesices that are selective in transporting solutes

food vacuoles

formed by phagocytosis. temporary receptacles of nutrients

contractile vacuoles

A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists. pump excess water out of the cell.

central vacuole

usually contained by mature plant cells. solution inside, called cell sap, is cell's main repository of inorganic ions. (potassium and chloride.) plays major role in growth of plant cells.

About this deck

By: Audra Graves
Created: 2012-10-02
Size: 110 flashcards
Views: 120

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj