Exam 2
Veterinary Medicine 667 with Matheson at University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign
About this deck
By: Anonymous
Textbook:
Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology
Created: 2011-03-08
Size: 120 flashcards
Views: 30
Textbook:
Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic RadiologyCreated: 2011-03-08
Size: 120 flashcards
Views: 30
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ultrasonography
disadvantages
disadvantages
convenient (+/-)
quick (+/-)
bone or air
nonspecific
basis of knowledge
quick (+/-)
bone or air
nonspecific
basis of knowledge
ultrasonography
advantages
advantages
convenient (+/-)
inexpensive
quick (+/-)
soft tissues
inexpensive
quick (+/-)
soft tissues
ultrasonography
principles
principles
high frequency sound transducer
computer
screen
computer
screen
high frequency sound transducer
transmitter
antenna
antenna
reflection
interface
interface
density
velocity
rigidity
velocity
rigidity
echocardiography
standard views
standard views
right parasternal long-axis 4-chamber view
right parasternal long-axis left ventricular outflow view
right parasternal short-axis apical view
right parasternal short-axis basilar view
left apical (caudal) 4-chamber view
left apical (caudal) 5-chamber view
right parasternal long-axis left ventricular outflow view
right parasternal short-axis apical view
right parasternal short-axis basilar view
left apical (caudal) 4-chamber view
left apical (caudal) 5-chamber view
penetration versus frequency
depth of sound wave penetration varies inversely with frequency
begin with a higher-frequency transducer (…) and switch to a lower-frequency transducer if deeper structures are not well imaged
because it has better resolution
motion mode (M-mode)
used only for echocardiography
records a thin section of an ultrasound image over time
records a thin section of an ultrasound image over time
right parasternal long-axis 4-chamber view
subjective assessment
subjective assessment
contractile function
chamber sizes
wall thicknesses
wall motion
septal defects
effusion (pericardial, pleural, abdominal)
masses (tumors, thrombi)
chamber sizes
wall thicknesses
wall motion
septal defects
effusion (pericardial, pleural, abdominal)
masses (tumors, thrombi)
right parasternal long-axis left ventricular outflow view
subjective assessment
subjective assessment
left ventricular outflow tract
aortic valve
ascending aorta
aortic valve
ascending aorta
right parasternal long-axis 4-chamber view
guide for m-mode
guide for m-mode
left ventricle @ level of chordae tendineae
mitral valve
mitral valve
right parasternal long-axis left ventricular outflow view
guide for m-mode
guide for m-mode
left atrium:aorta @ level of aortic valve
by using the b-mode image, … ; this is usually represented on the screen as a line
the region for m-mode imaging is chosen
right parasternal short-axis apical view
subjective assessment
subjective assessment
contractile function
papillary muscles (especially cats)
mitral valve ('fish mouth' view)
right ventricle
papillary muscles (especially cats)
mitral valve ('fish mouth' view)
right ventricle
right parasternal short-axis apical view
guide for m-mode
guide for m-mode
left ventricle @ level of chordae tendineae
mitral valver
mitral valver
right parasternal short-axis basilar view
guide for m-mode
guide for m-mode
LA:Ao
doppler across pulmonic valve
doppler across pulmonic valve
ultrasonography
artifacts
artifacts
obstructive
diagnostic
diagnostic
artifacts
white
white
usable image - distal enhancement
unusable image - reverberation
unusable image - reverberation
artifacts
black
black
luminal object - shadowing
curved border - refraction
curved border - refraction
distal enhancement
transmission through medium with no attenuation
cystic structures
cysts
gall bladder
cystic structures
cysts
gall bladder
doppler modes
continuous-wave
pulsed-wave/spectral
color flow
power
pulsed-wave/spectral
color flow
power
continuous-wave doppler
no image, best high velocity measurements
pulsed-wave/spectral doppler
grey-scale image, good velocity measurements
performed by using the same crystal for sending and receiving sound waves
performed by using the same crystal for sending and receiving sound waves
color flow doppler
lor mapping
power doppler
best at detecting low velocity, no measurements
color flow doppler
blue
blue
flow away from the transducer
color flow doppler
red
red
flow towards the transducer
color flow doppler
hue
hue
related to velocity
display
above the line
above the line
towards the transducer
display
below the line
below the line
away from the transducer
radiographs
an x-ray or gamma-ray photograph
why radiographs
'global' view
bone changes
relatively inexpensive
bone changes
relatively inexpensive
why not radiographs
superimposition of soft tissues
region is not accessible
looking for changes within the parenchyma
region is not accessible
looking for changes within the parenchyma
ultrasound
a noninvasive technique involving the formation of a two-dimensional image used for the examination and measurement of internal body structures and the detection of bodily abnormalities
why ultrasound
look at parenchymal changes
radiolucent structures
very small structures
'guided' biopsy
radiolucent structures
very small structures
'guided' biopsy
why not ultrasound
poor global overview
animal has eaten a large meal
sensitive, but non-specific
expensive
animal has eaten a large meal
sensitive, but non-specific
expensive
computed tomography
radiography in which a cross-sectional image of a body structure is constructed by computer from a series of plane cross-sectional images made along an axis
why ct
avoids superimposition of structures
can see small structures
reconstruction
highlights various opacities with a single set of images
IV contrast to highlight structures
radiation therapy planning
can see small structures
reconstruction
highlights various opacities with a single set of images
IV contrast to highlight structures
radiation therapy planning
why not ct
patient has to be anesthetized
metallic implants
expense
animal does not fit
radiation exposure
metallic implants
expense
animal does not fit
radiation exposure
magnetic resonance imaging
a noninvasive diagnostic technique that produces computerized images of internal body structures and is based on magnetic resonance of atoms within the body induced by the application of radio waves
imaging sequences
t1-weighted
t2-weighted
suppress fat
suppress free fluid
t2-weighted
suppress fat
suppress free fluid
t1-weighted
fluid is black
t2-weighted
fluid is white
why mri
avoids superimposition of structures
good for soft tissues
IV contrast
no radiation exposure
good for soft tissues
IV contrast
no radiation exposure
why not mri
patient has to be anesthetized
metallic implants
expense
animal does not fit
metallic implants
expense
animal does not fit
nuclear scintigraphy
a diagnostic technique in which a two-dimensional picture of internal body tissue is produced through detection of radiation emitted by a radioactive substance administered into the body
special procedures
gastrointestinal
gastrointestinal
esophogram
upper gi
double contrast gastrogram
pneumocolonogram
upper gi
double contrast gastrogram
pneumocolonogram
special procedures
urinary
urinary
excretory urogram (intravenous pylogram)
double contrast cystogram
positive contrast urethrogram/vaginogram
double contrast cystogram
positive contrast urethrogram/vaginogram
diagnostic imaging terminology
radiographs
radiographs
opacity
diagnostic imaging terminology
ultrasound
ultrasound
echogenicity
diagnostic imaging terminology
computed tomography
computed tomography
attenuation
diagnostic imaging terminology
magnetic resonance imaging
magnetic resonance imaging
signal intensity
diagnostic imaging terminology
nuclear scintigraphy
nuclear scintigraphy
radiopharmaceutical uptake
DDX: Mesenteric lymphadenopathy, mass arising from intestine. Next step → US in order to better identify organ of origin and to obtain guided FNA.
DDX: Mesenteric lymphadenopathy, mass arising from intestine. Next step → US in order to better identify organ of origin and to obtain guided FNA.
DDX: Hepatomegaly secondary to diffuse neoplasia (lymphoma for example) or vacuolar hepatopathy. Alternatively consider mass (benign or malignant) arising from liver.
Next step → Pursue abdominal ultrasound to evaluate structural integrity of liver. Obtain guided FNA if ultrasonographic abnormalities noted.
DDX: Consider peritoneal effusion, peritonitis.
Ventral abdominal wall is not especially pendulous—pendulous abdomen may occur secondary to accumulation of free fluid or alternatively muscle atrophy-as is seen with Cushing's disease for example.
DDX: Hepatic mass most likely. Alternatively, splenic in origin. Next step: Abdominal ultrasound to clarify organ of origin and to guide FNA.
DDX: Top differential for mass effect includes sublumbar or mesenteric lymphadenomegaly (reactive or metastatic).
Mass arising from retroperitoneal space is another possibility (given ventral colonic displacement on lateral view). Concurrent peritoneal effusion is likely → Note this patient has evidence of bicavitary effusion.
DDX: Biliary tract mineralization most likely (given distribution). Dystrophic mineralization within hepatic mass is an alternative possibility.
Dystrophic mineralization of biliary tree can be incidental (not clinically significant), however, may also be manifestation of systemic illness
(dystrophic mineralization secondary to hypercalcemia, Cushing’s, etc).
DDX: Retroperitoneal mass (neoplastic) with secondary bony invasion is a possibility.
Alternatively consider retroperitoneal migrating foreign body with abscess/granuloma formation and secondary osteomyelitis.
DDX: Microhepatica with presence of ameroid constrictor most likely consistent with prior portosystemic shunt that was surgically repaired.
kidneys and ureters
plain radiography
plain radiography
evaluate size, location and position of the kidneys, ureters not visible
kidneys and ureters
contrast radiography
contrast radiography
enhances renal size and shape
allows visualization of renal pelvis, diverticula, ureters and bladder
rough estimation of renal function
allows visualization of renal pelvis, diverticula, ureters and bladder
rough estimation of renal function
kidneys
size
size
dog: 2.5-3.5 x height of L2
cat: 2.4 x height of L2
cat: 2.4 x height of L2
kidneys
right located …
right located …
more cranial than left
kidneys
size should …
size should …
only be evaluated on the VD view due to magnification on the lateral
kidneys
increase in size
increase in size
acute inflammation
infiltrative process - LSA
compensatory hypertrophy
hydronephrosis
infiltrative process - LSA
compensatory hypertrophy
hydronephrosis
kidneys
decrease in size
decrease in size
hypoplasia
fibrosis
renal failure
amyloidosis
fibrosis
renal failure
amyloidosis
intravenous urography (IVU)
indications
indications
functional renal presence
renal shape/size
renal parenchyma
bladder location
renal shape/size
renal parenchyma
bladder location
intravenous urography (IVU)
complications
complications
contrast-induced renal failure
anaphylaxis
anaphylaxis
intravenous urography (IVU)
contraindications
contraindications
previous reaction to contrast
anuria
anuria
IVU technique
survey radiographs
pneumocystogram
bolus contrast IV
film series
pneumocystogram
bolus contrast IV
film series
feline kidneys
kidneys usually …
kidneys usually …
easier to ID
feline kidneys
shape is …
shape is …
more round than the dog
ureters
opacity
opacity
usually not seen
hydroureter
occasionally you …
occasionally you …
may see enlarged ureters on plain films
hydroureter
seldom seen …
seldom seen …
on survey films
hydroureter
may see tubular …
may see tubular …
soft tissue structure in the RPS if the dilation is severe
hydroureter
best documented …
best documented …
with contrast-IVP
hydroureter
usually requires …
usually requires …
contrast opacification to identify the dilated ureter(s)
ureteral calculi
examine the RPS …
examine the RPS …
carefully for mineral opacities
ureteral calculi
they may be very …
they may be very …
small - best seen on the lateral but try to identify on both views
ureteral calculi
remember the deep …
remember the deep …
circumflex arteries - they will look like small calculi
ectopic ureter
usually shows …
usually shows …
evidence of hydroureter on that affected side
ectopic ureter
intra-mural or …
intra-mural or …
extra-mural
ectopic ureter
ureter may enter …
ureter may enter …
the vagina, tunnel by bladder, urethra etc
ectopic ureter
oblique views …
oblique views …
made at 5 minutes
ureteral rupture
most of the ureter …
most of the ureter …
is within the RPS - becomes peritoneal as it enters the bladder
ureteral rupture
may see loss of detail …
may see loss of detail …
in the RPS or the peritoneal space due to urine leakage
ureteral rupture
IVP - free contrast …
IVP - free contrast …
material in the RPS or the peritoneal space
urinary bladder
opacity
opacity
soft tissue
urinary bladder
location
location
dog - caudal abdomen or pelvic
cat - always intra-abdominal
cat - always intra-abdominal
urinary bladder
bladder wall changes …
bladder wall changes …
can not be determined on radiographs
urinary bladder
opacity changes
opacity changes
mineral
air
air
dilated bladder
'long day' dogs
bladder neck or urethral lesion
bladder neck or urethral lesion
mineralization
uroliths
uroliths
remember the urethra, kidneys
cysteine and urate are invisible
cysteine and urate are invisible
the cystogram
positive, negative, double contrast
to evaluate neoplasia, uroliths, urachus, rupture
to evaluate neoplasia, uroliths, urachus, rupture
the cystogram
pneumocystogram
pneumocystogram
patient placed in left lateral recumbency to avoid air embolism
use CO2
use CO2
contrast cystography
indications
indications
suspected rupture
chronic cystitis
radiolucent calculi
incontinence
chronic cystitis
radiolucent calculi
incontinence
contrast cystography
contrast
contrast
negative
positive
positive
contrast cystography
negative contrast
negative contrast
room air
carbon dioxide
nitrous oxide
carbon dioxide
nitrous oxide
contrast cystography
positive contrast
positive contrast
organic iodine solutions
contrast cystography
volume
volume
body weight (10 ml/kg)
disease condition in bladder
complete bladder distention will obliterate mild mucosal thickening
disease condition in bladder
complete bladder distention will obliterate mild mucosal thickening
cystography - technique
empty bladder and fill with gas or CM until turgid - constant palpation
double contrast - small volume CM, withdraw and infuse gas
lateral and oblique VDs
double contrast - small volume CM, withdraw and infuse gas
lateral and oblique VDs
abnormalities
filling defects
filling defects
object(s) within pool of contrast, outlined by the contrast medium
appear relatively black against background CM even if mineral or soft tissue
appear relatively black against background CM even if mineral or soft tissue
filling defects - bubbles
smooth
round
edge of contrast pool
round
edge of contrast pool
filling defects - uroliths
variable size
+/- irregular margins
center of contrast pool
+/- irregular margins
center of contrast pool
filling defects - clots
variable size and shape
anywhere in CM pool
anywhere in CM pool
filling defects - mucosal
tumors
irregular margins
trigone, urethra
irregular margins
trigone, urethra
cystitis
no survey …
no survey …
film changes, need cystogram
cystitis
thick bladder wall, esp cranioventral
irregular mucosal margins
irregular mucosal margins
cystitis
avoid over …
avoid over …
inflation
urethra
short and wide in female
divided into 3 parts in male - prostatic, membranous, penile
divided into 3 parts in male - prostatic, membranous, penile
About this deck
By: Anonymous
Textbook: Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology
Created: 2011-03-08
Size: 120 flashcards
Views: 30
Textbook:
Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic RadiologyCreated: 2011-03-08
Size: 120 flashcards
Views: 30
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
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“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy