EXAM 2

family, school, peer group

primary agent of socialization, imparts the ways of society

prep for adult roles, teach appropriate skills, traits, and attitudes, impersonal, emphasis on order and control

members have interests, social position and age in common, escape adult supervision, learn to form social relationships, influences behavior

helps us to define sociopolitical reality

controls our way of thinking/feeling, controls what we know and don't know, individuals impose controls upon themselves

control of physical behavior

behavior that does not conform to social expectations

1. no thought or action is inherently deviant
2. people become deviant as others define them that way
3. the definition and application of norms reflect social inequality

no one is always and everywhere deviant, deviance is socially created, when norms change what is deviant also changes, context matters

deviance is functional
1. integral part of all healthy societies
2. affirms cultural values and norms
3. defines and sustains notions of morality
4. clarifies moral boundaries
5. brings people together

who/what is labeled deviant depends on who holds power
1. deviants tend to be powerless
2. norms, especially laws, reflect interests of the rich/powerful
3. powerful can avoid the label deviant

Caesare Lombroso
criminals have common physical characteristics, problem = same features throughout the population

deviance = unsuccessful socialization, solutions = change individuals minds

focus on individual, deviance is gene based, ignores social construction of deviance

(aka differential association) Edwin Sutherland (SI)
one learns to be a criminal, culture transmitted within group, group norms and values run contrary to society's

(aka differential opportunities) Robert Merton (functionalist)
those who seek new goals through new means are considered rebellious

doesn't explain deviance among the non-poor, assumes that success = wealth

locates poverty/criminality in the social structure NOT the individual

Lemert and Becker (combination of SI and conflict)

rule breaking that occurs before labeling

behavior that results from the labeling process (parents, peers, teachers, the justice system)

-new technologies and applications

-shift away from manufacturing (sunset industries) to servicing & emergence of sunrise industries (production of high tech products, sales clerks, janitors, etc)

employees who work part time, in temporary jobs, or as independent contractors

home-based jobs that are independent contractor positions, make a wage but pay for their own health care and retirement pay 

-menial low-wage, dead-end jobs, with no benefits

-fatal flaw in certain people biological, psychological, some sociological approaches

-social and economic conditions, crime and mental illness

conservative bias--their financial success depends on whether the public will buy their product and whether advertisers will use their vehicles

-middle and upper classes don't have to do low-wage labor, the poor support innovations in medicine, make life easier for affluent, jobs for those that serve the poor, incomes for doctors, lawyers, teachers, purchase products others don't want, punished in order to uphold legitimacy of conventional values, provide measuring rod for status comparison, aid in upward mobility of others, absorb the costs of change in society, 

null

null

-much older due to falling birth rate and advances in medicine

increasing diversity, reaction of the hosts to the new immigrants, effects of immigration on the immigrants 

SD: categorizing people by age, height, occupation, or some other personal attribute

null

-social inequality is universal and natural

-social inequality is unjust, unnecessary, and the source of many social problems

biological, culture of poverty

poor are innately inferior (arthur jensen, richard herrstein, charles murray)

institutional discrimination, political economy of the society

customary ways of doing things, prevailing attitudes and expectations, and accepted structural arrangements work to the disadvantage of the poor

-who gets what is determined by private profit rather than by collective need: employers are contrained to pay their workers the least possible, maintaining a surplus of workers (depresses wages), emplyers make investment decisions without regard for their employees

chances throughout one's life cycle to live and to experience the good things in life

george herbert meade

ceaseral lombardo

edwin sutherland

robert merton

edward banfield

howard s. beck and edward lemet

davis and moore

melvin and tumin