EXAM 2

Political Science 101 with Clawson at Purdue University

About this deck

By: Jay Bee
Textbook:

Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship In American Politics, 4th Edition, the Essentials (Essentials (CQ Press))
Created: 2010-03-28
Size: 147 flashcards
Views: 93

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Unifying role of the president as symbolic representative of the whole country

Head of State

President is the leader of a political party and chief arbiter of who gets what resources

Head of Government

The president's executive role as the head of federal agencies and the person responsible for the implementation of national policy

Chief Administrator

A presidential advisory group selected by the president

Cabinet

The president's role as the top officer of the country's military establishment

Commander in Chief

President's executive role as the primary shaper of relations with other nations

Chief Foreign Policy Maker

A presidential arrangement with another country that creates foreign policy without the need for Senate Approval

Executive Agreement

President authority to reject a bill passed by Congress

Presidential Veto

Clarifications of Congressional Policy issued by the president and having the full force of law

Executive Order

Tradition of Granting senior senators of the president's party considerable power over federal judicial appointments in their home states

Senatorial Courtesy

The justice apartment officer who argues the government's case before the Supreme Court

Solicitor General

Allows the president to exempt a person from a punishment or crime

Pardoning Power

Presidential powers implied but not explicitly stated in the Constitution

Inherent Powers

The Struggle for Power

Presidential Politics

A president's ability to convince Congress, other political actors, and the public to cooperate with the administration's agenda

Power to Persuade

A president's strategy of appealing to the public on an issue, expecting that the public pressure will be brought to bear on other political actors

Going Public

Executive personnel who work with members of Congress to secure their support in getting a president's legislation passed

Legislative Liaison

When the president is of a different party than the majority in one or both houses

Divided Government

Organization within EOP that oversees the budgets of departments and agencies

Office of Management and Budget

Organization within the EOP that advises the president on economic matters

Council of Economic Advisors

Organization within the EOP that provides foreign policy advice to the president

National Security Council

The person who oversees the operations of all White House staff and controls access to the president

Chief of Staff

An image projected by the president that represents how we would like to be perceived at home and abroad

Presidential Style

An organization characterized by hierachial structure, worker specialization, explicit rules, and advancement by merit

Bureaucracy

The principle that bureaucracy should be depoliticized by making it more professional

Neutral Competence

Practice of rewarding political supporters with public office

The Spoils System

Successful party candidates reward supporters with jobs or favors

Patronage

Nonmilitary employees of the government who are appointed through the merit system

Civil Service

Civil Service reform that required the hiring and promoting of civil servants to be based on merit(experience), not patronage

Pendleton Act

Law limiting the political involvement of civil servants in order to protect them from political pressure and keep politics out of the bureaucracy

Hatch Act

Employees should be answerable for their performance to supervisors

Accountability

The Complex procedures and regulations surrounding bureaucratic activity

Red Tape

Limitations or restrictions on the activities of a business or individual

Regulations

Companies created by Congress to provide to the public a good or service that private enterprises cannot or will not profitably provide

Regulations

Bureaucrats' use of their own judgement in interpreting and carrying out the laws of Congress

Bureaucratic Discretion

Publication containing all federal regulations and notifications of regulatory agency hearings

Federal Register

The accepted values and procedures of an organization

Bureaucratic Culture

The often unintelligible language used by bureaucrats to avoid controversy and lend weight to their words

Bureaucratese

Individuals who publicize instances of fraud, corruptions, or other wrongdoings in the bureaucracy

Whistle Blowers

Process where by regulatory agencies come to be protective of and influenced by the industries they were established to regulate

Agency capture

The phenomenon of a clientele group, congressional committee, and bureaucratic agency cooperating to make mutually beneficial policty

Iron Triangles

Complex systems of relationships between groups that influence policy, including elected leaders, interest groups, specialists, consultants, and research institutes

Issue Networks

A citizen group that considers the policy decisions of an agency; a way to make the bureaucracy responsive to the general public

Citizen advisory councils

Legislation opening the process of bureaucratic policymaking to the public

Sunshine Laws

1966 Law that allows citizens to obtain copies of most public records

Freedom of Information Act

A law that gives citizens access to the government's files on them

Privacy Act of 1974

Institutions that sit as neutral third parties try to resolve conflicts according to the law

Courts

A legal system based on a detailed comprehensive legal code, usually created by the legislature

Civil Law Tradition

A legal system based on the accumulated ruling of judges over time, applied uniformly-judge-made law

The Common Law Tradition

A previous decision or ruling that, in common law tradition, is binding on subsequent decisions

Rely on Precident

Trial procedures designed to resolve conflict through the clash of opposing sides, watched by a judge

Adversarial system

Trial procedures designed to determine the truth through the intervention of a judge

Inquisitorial system

Laws whose content, or substance, define what we can or cannot do legally

Substantive Laws

Laws that establish how laws are applied and enforced

Procedural Laws

Procedural laws that protect the rights of individuals who must deal with the legal system

Procedural Due Process

Laws prohibiting behavior the government has determined to be harmful to society; violation=crime

Criminal Laws

Laws regulating interactions between individuals; violation=tort

Civil Laws

Law stated in the Constitution or in the body of judicial decisions handed down to the court

Constitutional Law

Laws passed by a state or the federal legislature

Statutory Laws

Law established by the bureaucracy, on behalf of Congress

Administrative Law

Clarifications of Congressional policy issued by the president and having the full force of the law

Executive Order

The power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of laws

Judicial Review

The landmark case that established the U.S. Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Marbury v. Madison

A court's authority to hear certain cases

Jurisdiction

The authority of a court to hear a case first

Original Jurisdiction

The authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts

Appellate Jurisdiction

A rehearing of a case because a point of law was not applied properly

Appeal

A judicial approach holding that the Constitution should be read literally, with the framers' intentions uppermost in mind

Strict Constructionism

Judges should interpret it accordingly to changing times and values

Judicial Interpretivism

Formal request by the U.S. Supreme Court to call up the lower court case it decides to hear on appeal

Writ of Certiorari

4 Supreme court justices must agree to grant a case of certiorari in order for a case to be heard

The rule of favor

"Friend of the court" documents filed by interested parties to encourage the court to grant or deny certiorari

Amicus Curiae Briefs

View that the courts should be lawmaking, policymaking bodies

Judicial Activism

Courts should reject any active lawmaking functions and stick to interpretations of the past

Judicial Restraint

The written decision of the court that states the judgement of the majority

Opinion

Documents written by justices expressing agreement with the ruling but describing different or additional reasons for the ruling

Concurring Opinions

Documents written by justices expressing disagreement with the majority ruling

Dissenting Opinions

Early attempts to raise money, line up campaign consultants, generate media attention, etc

Invisible Primary

Local gathering of party members to choose convention delegates

Party caucus

An election by which voters choose convention delegates committed to voting for a certain candidate

Presidential Primary

Primary election in which eligible voters need not to be registered party members

Open primary

Only registered party members

Closed Primary

Scheduling presidential primaries early in the primary season

Front Loading

1/3 of the electorates who are undecided at the start of the campaign

Swing Voters

Don't vote the way they said they would

"Faithless Electors"

Investigation of an opponent's background for the purpose of exploiting weaknesses or undermining credibility

Oppo research

Issues on which most voters and candidates share the same position

Valence Issues

Issues on which the parties differ in their perspectives and proposed solutions

Position Issues

A controversial issue that one party uses to spit the voters in the other party

Wedge Issue

The tendency of one party to be seen as more competent in a specific policy area

Issue Ownership

Campaign advertising that emphasizes the negative characteristics of opponents rather than one's own strengths

Negative Advertising

Money given by the federal government to qualified presidential candidates in the primary and general election campaigns

Government matching funds

Campaign funds donated directly to candidates; amounts are limited by federal election laws

Hard Money

Unregulated campaign contributions by individuals, groups, or parties that promote general election activities but do not directly support individual candidates

Soft Money

Advertisements paid for by soft money that promote certain issue positions but do not endorse specific candidates

Issue Advocacy Ads

Efforts by political parties, interest groups, and the candidate's staff to maximize voter turnout among supporters

Get-Out-The-Vote Drives

The perception that an election victory signals broad support for the winner's proposed policies

Electoral Mandate

Citizenship rights guaranteed to the people and protected by the government

Civil Rights

Classifications, such as race, for which an discriminatory law must be justified by a compelling state interest

Suspect Classification

A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit some freedoms or that make a suspect classification

Strict Scrutiny

Standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a quasisuspect classification

Intermediate standard of review

Standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a nonsuspect classification

Minimum rationality test

Institutionalized power inequalities in society based on the perception of racial differences

Racism

A series of laws in the post-civil war south designed to restrict the rights of former slaves

Black Codes

The period following the Civil War during which the federal government took action to rebuild the South

Reconstruction

Taxes levied as a qualification for voting

Poll Taxes

Tests requiring reading or comprehension skills as a qualification for voting

Literacy Tests

Provisions exempting from voting restrictions the descendants of those able to vote in 1867

Grandfather Clauses

Southern laws designed to circumvent the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments and to deny blacks rights on bases other than rase

Jim Crow Laws

The practice and policy of separating races

Segregation

Supreme Court case that established the constitutionality of the principle "separate but equal"

Plessy v. Ferguson

An interest group founded in 1910 to promote civil rights for African Americans

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Supreme Court case that rejected the idea that separate could be equal in education; catalyst for civil rights movement

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Refusal to buy certain goods or services as a way to protest policy or force politcal reform

Boycott

Discrimination arising from or supported by the law

De Jure Discrimination

Discrimination that is the result not of law but rather of tradition or habit

De Facto Dsicrimination

Achieving racial balance by transporting students to schools across neighborhood boundaries

Busing

A policy of creating opportunities for members of certain groups as a substantive remedy for past discrimination

Affirmative Action

Efforts to make English the official language of the United States

English-only movements

Constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Equal Rights Amendment

Unwelcome sexual speech or behavior that creates a hostile work environment

Sexual harassment

Individual freedoms guaranteed to the people primarily by the Bill of Rights

Civil Liberties

Citizenship rights guaranteed to the people and protected by the government

Civil Rights

The right of an accused person to be brought before a judge and informed of the charges and evidence against him or her

Habeas Corpus

Laws under which specific persons or groups are detained and sentenced without trial

Bills of Attainder

Laws that criminalize an action after it occurs

Ex Post Facto Laws

Supreme Court action making the protections of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states

Incorporation

Incorporation of rights on a case-by-case basis

Selective Incorporation

The First Amendment guarantee that the government will not create and support an official state church

Establishment Clause

Supporters of a "wall of separation" between church and state

Separationists

Supporters of government nonpreferential accommodation of religion

Accommodationists

Three-pronged rule used by the courts to determine whether the establishment clause is violated

Lemon Test

The First Amendment guarantee that citizens may freely engage in the religious activities of their choice

Free Exercise Clause

The ability of the government to protect its citizens and maintain social order

Police Power

A fundamental state purpose, which must be shown before the law can limit some freedoms or treat some groups of people differently

Compelling State interest

Speech that criticizes the government

Sedition

Rule used by the courts that allows speech to be punished if it leads to punishable actions

Bad Tendency Test

Rule used by the courts that allows language to be regulated only if it presents an immediate and urgent danger

Clear and present danger test

Rule used by the courts that restricts speech only if it is aimed at producing or is likely to produce imminent lawless action

Imminent Lawless Action Test

The right of the people to gather peacefully and to petition government

Freedom of Assembly

Rule used by the courts in which the definition of obscenity must be based on local standards

Miller Test

Speech intended to incite violence

Fighting Words

The idea that language shapes behavior and therefore should be regulated to control its social effects

Political Correctness

Censorship of or punishment for the expression of ideas before the ideas are printed or spoken

Prior Restraint

Written defamation of character

Libel

Guarantee that laws will be fair and reasonable and that citizens suspected of breaking the law will be treated fairly

Due Process of Law

Rule created by the Supreme Court that evidence illegally seized may not be used to obtain a conviction

Exclusionary Rule

About this deck

By: Jay Bee
Textbook:

Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship In American Politics, 4th Edition, the Essentials (Essentials (CQ Press))
Created: 2010-03-28
Size: 147 flashcards
Views: 93

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy