EXAM 2

Catharsis

taking out your emotions on objects when trauma is redurrected

resistance

patients blocking memories from conscious memory

what are Freud's 3 structures of the mind?

the ID, the Ego, the Superego

what principle goes with the id

pleasure principle

what is the id

it is rooted in biology - the origin of personality, "the beast within", primitive unconscious urges

what principle goes with the ego

the reality principle

what is the ego

seeks reality, it is the organized portion of the id, uses logic and rationality,

the ego is designed to shape id responses by...

inhibition and transformation

what is the superego

seeks perfection, punishes with guilt/pain, intrapsychic conflict`

what principle goes with the superego

the morality principle

the superego is designed to persuade the ego to substitute...

moralistic goals

cathexis

everything in the mind requires sexual energy, filling of image or thought with libido

what did jung think about cathexis

value replaces cathexis, general life force with its own source

transference

Unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another

fixation

a person becomes obsessed with a person/object

when does fixation form and what is the result

usually formed during childhood and manifested in immature or neurotic behavior that persists throughout life

freud's definition of libido

the instinct energy or force, contained in the id, the largely unconscious structure of the psyche

jung's definition of libido

the free creative—or psychic—energy an individual has to put toward personal development or individualization

what is existentialism concerned with?

the meaning of human existence

existentialism- the world changes as.....

people's ideas about it change

existentialism- the idea of a world is.....

a human construction

existentialism examines....

beings in the worlde

existentialism- the _____ cant exist without the ______

self; world

existentialism- concerned with meaning generation when confronted by:

our isolation, our uniqueness, an infinitely vast and unknowable universe

phenomenology says...

subjective realities are important and two people can perceive the same situation differently

what were jung's research and therapy contributions

word association test, galvanic skin response test, art therapy, method of amplification, face to face therapy, emphasized growth orientation

in the word association test, what was conflict indicated by?

response latency, memory lapses, excessive word repitition

what was the glavanic skin response used to assess?

conflict

jung had more ______ therapy

active

how did jung analyze dreams

objectively and subjectively

when you analyze dreams objectively, every person refers to....

the person they actually are

when you analyze dreams subjectively, every person....

represents an aspect of the dreamer

dreamers thoughts on analyzing subjectively

Much more difficult for the dreamer to accept, but that in most good dream-work, the dreamer will come to recognize that the dream characters can represent an unacknowledged aspect of the dreamer

what is ontological anxiety

the clash between being and nonbeing

what triggers angst

threat of losing control of id impulses and superego punishment

angst- threat of punishment occurs....

for even thinking libidinous thoughts even at an unconscious level

horney- basic anxiety

Feeling of being helpless/isolated in a hostile world
Idea that we cant take care of ourselves
Feelings of insecurity lead to anxiety

horney- real self is composed of

Your actual self (who you are right now)
Your potential self (who you can become in the future)

horney- idealized self image

Very similar to Freud’s ego ideal
Your idealized image of what you would like to be

is the idealized self image similar to freud's concept of ego-ideal?

yes

moving toward personality

compliant and self facing personality, helpless, don't know how to show affection (only how to receive), overly dependent, "if i can make you love me, you wont hurt me"

moving against personality

aggressive, strive for superiority without social interest, narcissist, dominant personality, gain power through bullying, need to exploit people, will only enter into relationship if they have something to gain

moving away personality

detached, desire for privacy and self sufficiency, self autonomous, avoid affection numbness to emotional experiences, get mad when people offer help

what are manifest contents of dreams?

Content is the dream as perceived by the dreamer
The manifest content is a result of the dream-work

what are latent contents of dreams?

Content is the meaning of the dream as revealed by analysis.
Does not appear as a narrative (like the manifest content) but rather as a group of thoughts expressing one or more wishes.

what is roger's use of self actualization?

it is good as long as the concept is healthy

what is maslow's use of self actualization

actualization is a positive representation

defense mechs are used to defend....

anxiety

cathexis defense mech

filing of image or thought with libido

repression defense mech

UNCONSCIOUS blocking of animal urge

suppression defense mech

CONSCIOUS blocking of urge

denial defense mech AND example

non acknowledgement of traumatic event

ex: not acknowledging death of a loved one

displacement defense mech - drive reduction by:

substituting another object for the original object initiating the ID impulse

projection defense mech AND example

undesirable attributes are attributed to the character and actions of others
Ex: always being suspicious of others

rationalization defense mech AND example

inaccurate excuses to justify one’s actions
Both guard against feelings of inadequacy
Ex: lying and then claiming the lie was to protect the feelings of another person

rationalization- what are sour grapes and sweet lemons?

Sour grapes: people are blamed for personal failures
Sweet lemons: claim that an undesirable experience is desirable

undoing defense mech

acts or rituals are performed to remove guilti

intellectualization defense mech

to avoid unbearable pain, you disassociate thought and emotion with logic and reasons

sublimination defense mech

an unacceptable urge is:

Transformed and replaced
By a socially acceptable urge or drive
Basis of creativity and civilization

reaction formation defense mech and example

hides threatening impulses by over-emphasizing the opposite

Lower form of sublimination
Ex: homophobic people turning into closeted gays

what did humanism emphasize

emphasized the personal worth of the individual and centrality of human values

humanism attends to matters of _____ and ____ _________

ethics and personal worth

humanism is freer to give credit to....

the human spirit

what did maslow call humanism

the third force

humanism emphasized which traits of humans

usually optimistic ones- creative, spontaneous, and active nature. BUT sometimes pessimistic when they contemplate the ineffectiveness of one person’s actions

what did freud say about identity?

it is fixed in childhood- formed by age 5-6 (euro view)

what did erikson say about identity?

identity formation is a lifelong process (American view) -- implies that a person must take some personal responsibility for his life

erikson- how many stages and how do they intertwine?

8 stages and the outcome of each stage is dependant to some degree on the outcome of the previous stage. the first 5 reflect freud's

trust vs mistrust

freud: oral, skill: hope, age: infancy

autonomy vs shame and doubt

freud: anal, skill: will, age: early child

initiative vs guilt

freud: phallic, skill: purpose, age: early to mid child

industry vs inferiority

freud: latency, skill: competence, age: mid to late child

identity vs role confusion

freud: genital, skill: loyalty, age: teens

intimacy vs isolation

freud: none, skill: love, age: early adult

generativity vs stagnation

freud: none, skill: caring, age: middle adult

ego integrity vs despair

freud: none, skill: wisdom, age: late adult

jung's 3 principles of physic operation

principle of: opposites, equivalence, entropy

principle of opposites

Conflict between complexes leads to tension
Tension creates energy
Everything carries with its own negation

jung's principles- which is the most fundamental

principle of opposites

principle of equivalence

The energy created from the opposition is "given" to both sides equally
One aspect of Psychic Function ® ¯ in another or visa versa

principle of entropy

Psyche is a “self-regulating” system
Overvalued part yields libido to its undervalued counterpart
Enantiodromia: eventually, an undervalued psychic part will emerge

Victor Frankl

Emphasize the benefits of personal choice
Survived a concentration camp by finding meaning in the suffering – did not accept the horror that surrounded him

what is victor frankl's theory?

Theory is called logotherapy: the search for the meaning of existence

may's view of teleology

the idea that there is a grand design or purpose to one’s life. May rates it high

may's view of freedom

May thinks free will is very important. The purpose of psychotherapy is to set people free, that is, to allow them to make choices and to assume responsibility for those choices

what are d-needs?

deficiency needs necessary for survival, COMMON TO OUR SPECIES

what are the 4 d-needs

physiological, safety, belongingness + love, esteem

d-needs- what are physiological needs

basic biological necessities, food, shelter etc.

d-needs- what are safety needs

necessity of a generally predictable world, one that makes sense

d-needs- what are belongingness + love needs

psychologically intimate relations w/ other people

d-needs- what are esteem needs?

respect for oneself and others

what are b needs?

meta needs, independent of the environment, unique to individual

-include drive increases (unselfish love, curiosity)

-press for greater levels of intensity

-generally relate to a pleasurable + healthier functioning

factors related to the occurrence of Freudian regression

Trauma during developmental stage >> Fixation >>> Similar crisis situations later in life >>

Regression to the coping style associate w/ a previous developmental stage

regression cant occur without ______

fixation

________ fuels mechanisms

libido

horney believed one of the most important discoveries a child makes is.....

that of his or her own helplessness and that it is the ensuing struggled to gain individuality + control that molds much of the self

womens feelings of inferiority stem from...

ways they were raised in society

horney- women did not want a penis, rather....

they wanted autonomy + control that they associated with maleness

horney- moved psychoanalytic thinking about personality away from......

purely biological, anatomical + individualistic instances

horney- moved psychoanalytic thinking about personality more toward....

influences of FAMILY, CULTURE + SOCIETY on individual

horneys contributions of basic anxiety of a child

child’s fear of being alone, helpless + insecure

horneys 3 contributions of styles for coping with anxiety

passive style, withdrawn style, aggressive style

horney's 3 selfs

real self, despised self, ideal self

horney: when alienated from the real self

people develop neurotic coping strategies

carl rogers was a _______ psychologist

humanistic

rogers believed people have an INHERENT TENDENCY towards...

growth and maturation

rogers- a psychologically healthy person is one who....

has a broad self-concept capable of understanding + accepting many feelings + experiences, accepts that other people are different

jungs 2 levels of consciousness

personal and collective

jung- personal unconscious contains unconscious personal experience that are:

–simply forgotten

–repressed due to threatening nature

–of insufficient value

–Begins to form at birth

–Contents can be accessed under certain circumstances

–Contains both past and future material

jung- collective unconscious contents:

imbedded our brain and nervous system

•latent memories

•pre-dispositions to act

include archetypes

archetypes are universal _____ ______

emotional symbols

archetypes are present _______ and are genetically.....

at birth and genetically passed down from primordial ancestors

archetypes- animus/anima

male element in a women/female element in a man

archetypes- persona and shadow

socially acceptable front vs dark and unacceptable side of personality

archetypes- mother

embodiment of generativity and feritlity

archetypes- hero and demon

strong force for good vs cruelty and evil

horney- too much dependancy on others causes....

interpersonal conflict

neurotic claims: you must love because i...

I suffered, I sacrificed

tyranny of the shoulds: i must always......

feel love and be loved

May- intentionality is the _____ and _____

conscious and unconscious

May- intentionality is the sense of _____ and ______ to move towards......

purpose and capacity to move towards self selected goals

May- what is will?

conscious capacity to act with intentionality

Neurosis of Modern Times relates to:

the lack of intentionality and resulting feelings of apathy, loneliness, anxiety, and guilt

Nancy Chodrow’s views of gender-identity development- children develop their gender identity in the CONTEXT of their relationship with...

the mother, key influence on the process for both boys and girls

Horney- Women’s feelings of inferiority stemmed from the ways they are raised in society + from.....

an overemphasis on securing the love of a man.

women were raised in an environment in which....

women are raised in environments in which “masculinity” was defined as strong, brave + competent while “femininity” was described as delicate weak + submissive

adler- striving for superiority

starts as a drive to overcome childhood: inferiority feelings and insecurity feelings.

When people have an overwhelming sense of helplessness or experience some event that leaves them powerless.....

they are likely to feel inferior >> inferiority complex, takes normal feelings + exaggerates them

adler- a person might fabricate a superiority complex as a way of....

maintaining self worth

adler- inferiority

everyone struggles from feeling inferior, we are ALL motivated by our desire to be superior

adler- what we lack, we.....

strive for

dasein: we have an innate need to.....

actively exist in our world and develop sense of self

dasein: development occurs at both....

unconscious + conscious

stronger dasein =

healthier personality

modes of dasein

umwelt, mitwelt, eigenwelt

unwelt

world of internal and external objects that form our biological and physical environments

Only self-actualization is at the _______. The other needs are _____

b level; d level

Freud and Skinner emphasize which mode of dasein

unwelt

mitwelt

inherent need to form personal relationships for their own sake, instead of for the purpose of sublimation of instinctual needs

horney and adler emphasize which mode of dasein

mitwelt

mitwelt: a meaningful existence cannot be achieved.....

in isolation from other human beings

eigenwelt

the human world of self-awareness, or the ability to know we are the center of our existence and are capable of fulfilling our potentials

mays thoughts on drives

Alienate us from our experience (e.g., you do not have a hunger drive; you are your hunger) and detach us from personal responsibility

tyranny of he shoulds go with what aspect of Horney's selfs?

the ideal self- I must always dominate and be in charge –I must master and dominate the world. I must always be totally self-sufficient

horney- goal of psychoanalysis is...

acceptance of the real self

horney: real self

the inner core of personality

horney: despised self

feelings of inferiority and shortcomings

horney: ideal self

A grandiose misconception of self, Conceals the despised real self, Guards against painful intrapsychic conflict Fosters a neurotic quest for glory

Freud's stages of development

oral, anal, phallic

freud- oral stage erogenous zone

mouth, digestive tract

freud- oral stage developmental problems

relate to giving and taking from the world

freud- oral stage sexual tension reduced by....

sucking mother's milk

freud- oral stage underindulgence

–Exploitative behavior, sadistic attitudes

–Success Envy

–Domineering, Manipulative

–Wants something for nothing

freud- oral stage overindulgence

–Morbid Dependence: insatiable need for: support and encouragement

–Overly trusting and gullible

–Admires strength and leadership

–Pollyanna Outlook

–Neurotic Love and Affection demands => interpersonal conflict

anal stage occurs...

2nd to 3rd year of life (terrible twos)

anal stage conflict over

retaining or expelling waste (toilet training)

anal stage: resist parents by

either withholding or expelling waste

anal stage underindulgence

anal retentive: Stingy, greedy, avaricious

–Defiant of authority and obstinate

–Neat freak = reaction formation against fear of being messy and dirty

anal stage overindulgence

anal expulsive: –Sloppy

–Defiant of authority and obstinate

–Wasteful

phallic stage Erogenous Zone

genitalia

phallic stage occurs

4th or 5th year of life

phallic stage conflict

desire for a sexual relationship with the opposite sex parent

results of phallic stage

–Gender role development

–Weak Super-ego (Due to no castration anxiety)

Problems with justice and objectivity

phallic stage: child gains pleasure through

the genitals

oedipus complex

boys desire mother

electra complex

girls suffer penis envy

phallic stage character types: men

Severe Castration Anxiety => “Don Juan” type

–Reckless and arrogant behavior

–Penis overvalued

phallic stage character types: women

Severe Penis envy => Castrating woman

martin buber had the _________ approach

humanistic

buber adopted the existential idea that

our existence comes especially from our relations with other human beings (the I-Thou Dialogue)

in the i-thou dialogue, each human confirms the other person as being....

of unique value

in the i-it monologue, a person....

uses others but does not value them for temselves

self actualization is the innate process by which one tends to...

grow spiritually and realize one's potential

maslow studied what kind of people in order to investigate what kind of expeirences?

he studied ideal, healthy people to investigate peak experiences

peak experiences are common to people who are....

fully self-actualized

self-actualized people have a..... and accept _______

a realistic knowledge of themselves and accept themselves

where is self actualization of the hierarchy of human needs?

at the top

maslow focused on understanding the self-actualized person as a way to better understand....

what it means to be a human

Some examples of self-actualized historical figures identified by Maslow were...

Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, William James (founder of psychology), Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington Carver, Pablo Casais, Baruch Spinoza.

what are archetypes?

Primordial thought forms, ideas or image

archetypes predispose us to _______ our world

apprehend or interpret

what are instincts?

modes of action and reaction

archetypes vs instincts?

archetypes are modes of perception while instincts are modes of action and reaction

archetypes remain dormant unless.....

strengthened by appropriate experiences

as a result of the loss of homeostasis, instinctual stimulation (pain) occurs, and after that comes....

re-instating homeostasis (pleasure)

adler's personality typologies (4)

getting/leaning, avoiding, ruling/dominant, socially useful

adler- getting/leaning type

those who selfishly take without giving back. These people also tend to be antisocial and have low activity levels

adler- getting/leaning type – greek humor:

phlegm (phlegmatic)

adler- avoiding type

those that hate being defeated. They may be successful, but have not taken any risks getting there. They are likely to have low social contact in fear of rejection or defeat in any way

adler- avoiding type - greek humor

black bile (melancholic)

adler- ruling/dominant type

strive for power and are willing to manipulate situations and people, anything to get their way. People of this type are also prone to anti-social behavior

adler- ruling/dominant type - greek humor

yellow bile (choleric)

adler- socially useful

those who are very outgoing and very active. They have a lot of social contact and strive to make changes for the good

adler- socially useful - greek humor

blood (sanguine)

adler- when are personality types formed?

childhood

what are the 4 stages of psychotherapy (jung)

confession, elucidation, education, transformation

jung- psychotherapy confession stage

Jung believed that it is necessary for the patient to tell of his/her

conflicts and that this is usually accompanied by an emotional release

jung- psychotherapy eluicidation stage

it involves becoming aware of one’s unconscious transferences. Jung believed that these transferences to the analyst give a clue about unconscious material

jung- psychotherapy education stage

The patient is instructed about the dangers of unequal personality development and is supported in his or her attempts to change. Ex: The shy student may be cajoled into joining a debate on emotional campus issues

jung- psychotherapy transformation stage

may not always be necessary. it is a quest for one’s identity and purpose in life that requires diligent work between the analyst and patient; the result is superior wisdom and a transcendent calm when coping with life’s struggles

horney's basis of neurosis is influenced by....

sociology

horney's basis of neurosis- _____ shapes fears

culture

horney's basis of neurosis- disturbed interpersonal relations cause....

neuroticism

horney's basis of neurosis- what shapes child's management of basic anxiety

family

freud's basis of neurosis: dreams were influenced by....

unconscious sexual desires

adler's basis of neurosis- personality is a self created ________ ________

unified organization

adler's basis of neurosis- human strive for.....

fictionalized future goals

jung's basis of neurosis- dreams are attempts to....

solve current problems and advance healthy personality development

freudian slip

A psychological error in speaking or writing that reveals something about the person’s unconscious

phallic stage: desire for....

sexual relationship with the opposite sex parent

phallic stage: boys have lustful feelings....

towards mother and expects fathers jealousy will lead to punishment

phallic stage: girls desire...

sexual relationship with father and resents mother because she has access to the coveted penis

phallic stage: boys have _____ anxiety

castration

phallic stage: girls have anxiety because...

fear of mother's retaliation for penis coveting

rogers saw in therapy were facing major....

emotional imbalances, which are associated with psychological disruptions

Rogerian therapy involves helping patients...

clarify their feelings so that they can integrate their unique life experiences into their self-concept

Rogerian psychotherapy derives from....

Rogers’ personality theory

roger- for constructive personality change, therapist is/provides:

Therapist is supportive and nondirective, is client-oriented

- Therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard

- Therapist provides empathetic understanding of client's internal frame of reference

what are peak experiences?

Powerful experiences in which people seem to transcend the self, be at one with the world, and feel completely self-fulfilled

Common to people who are self-actualized

existential neurosis- defense mechanisms

intellectualization, denial, repression

maslow's hierarchy

1- self actualization 2- esteem 3- love/belonging 4- safety 5- physiological

EXAM 2

Psychology 393 with Jorgensen at Syracuse University

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