Exam 3- All
Communicative Disorders 110 with Weismer at University of Wisconsin - Madison
About this deck
By: Jessica Zarzecki
Created: 2009-05-10
Size: 118 flashcards
Views: 158
Created: 2009-05-10
Size: 118 flashcards
Views: 158
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj
Sign up (free) to study this.
KInematics
Study of pure motion (vibration of air molecules)
Oscillator motion
Back and forth motion
(sound waves are basically generated by this motion)
Frequency
The rate of Oscillation
Measured in Hertz (Hz)
Period
directly related to frequency. Inverse relationship with frequency:
i.e. Shorter period--> Higher frequency
Dynamics
Sydu of causes of motion
Amplitude
Magnitude of oscillation
Measured in decibles (dB)
Mode of Vibration
Natural frequency of oscillatin (resonance)
Resonant frequency
the maximum amount of vibration at one frequncy
Superposition
Sum of oscillations
Sound waves
A series of pressure regions, extending form a source across space; the regions are high-low-high-low, etc.
What are sound waves sometimes referred to
Pressure waves
What is the simplest form of vibration?
Sign wave, it has a single frequency; most soudn do not have a single frequency thought. Tones like this are used in testing of hearing: "Pure tones"
What is the lowest/highest freqeuncy humans can hear?
20 Hz / 20,000 Hz
Pitch
Psychological/perceptual corrleation with frequency
Loudness
Psychological/perceptual correlation with amplitude
Localization
perceptual pscyhophysical event
The position of sound to you
Sound will arrive at one ear faster
Quality
some perceptual characteristic that allows you to identify the overall chracterisitc of sound
All the different frequencies and amplitudes make different qualtities between sounds
What are the three subdivisions of the hearing organ
Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Structues in the Outer ear
Pinna
Concha
Ear canal
Fuction of the Pinna
Sound localization, Directionally-dependent filter
Function of the Concha and Ear canal
Funnels sound to amplify important speech frequencies
Structures of the Middle ear
Tympanic Membrane
Ossicular Chain (Malleus, incus, stapes)
Oval Window
Middle Ear Muscle
Function of the Tympanic Membrane
Eardrum, contact airborne sound
Function of the Ossicular chain
Impedance match between air and cochlear fluid-- prevents sound form bouncing back out the ear
Function of Oval window
Stapes contact with based of cochlea
Funciton of Middle Ear Muscle
Acoustic reflex, protects inner ear from acoustic trauma
Structures of Inner ear
Basilar Membrane
Organ of Corti
Tectorial Membrane
Hair cells, Stereocillia
Function of Basilar Membrane
Resonant element of inner ear, place code
Contains Hair cells, crunchgin or bendign of hair cells cuases nerve cells to fire adn conduct certain frequencies to the brain
Function of Organ of Corti
Hair cells adn supporting structures
Function of Tectorial Membrane
Creates shearing force across stereocillia of hair cells
Funciton of Hair cells, Stereocilia
Electroacoustic transduction
What are the condcutive comonents of the ear
Outer and Middle ear
What are teh sensorinueral components of the ear
Inner ear- Cochlea
What are the neural components of the ear
8th nerve and and all the auditory pathways in brainstem and brain
Electrial potentials in the ear are created by what?
Hair cell transduction
What is pedance matching
When sound reaches the footplate in stapes the sound is greater
(You increase energy and sound of stapes so it can push through fluid in cochlea that has more resistance)
What are the main sensory organs of hearing
Hair cells
How are hair cells arranged
Tonotopically
The base of the bassilar membrane contains what kind of frequencies
High frequencies
The tip of the bassilar membran contains what kind of frequencies
Low frequencies
What does the 8th nerve do
Carries electrial impulses to the brain.
Outer fibers are high frequencies and as you get in deeper you get lower frequencies
What type of frequencies will a tumor on the 8th nerve effect first? What effect can this have?
A tumor on the nerve will press on high frequency fibers first.
People don't notice their tumors until they are very large and effects lower frequencies
The Malleus is connected to what
The eardrum
The stapes is connect to what
The cochlea
Where is the incus
inbetween teh Malleus and Stapes
Name the Outer ear disorders
Ear wax
(Anythign that gets in the way of canal being open can create a problem)
Foreign objects
Stenosis and collapsign ear canal
Microtia, atresia, anotia
Otitis externa, otorrhea
Ear Wax (Cerumen) Disorder
Sometimes too much is created, or sometimes it gets hard and blockes ear way, and blocks sound waves
May get a loss of some words between 10 and 20 dB
Go to an audiologist to treat it properly
Foreign Objects
Something is stuck in ear canal and blocks sound
Stenosis and Collapsing ear canal
Stenosis- canal is narrower than normal
Cold water can acutally cause canal to collpase, and this can block sound waves
Microtia
Underdeveoped, narrow ear canal
Atresia
Narrowing of ear canal
Anotia
Without an external ear
Otitis externa, otorrhea
Infection of the external ear canal
There is often some kind of excretion of a flued assocatied with infection (often puss and usually has a very foul odor)
Name the MIddle ear disorders
Otitis media
Ossicular discontinuity
Keratoma (cholesteatoma)
Tympanosclerosis
Otosclerosis
Otitis media
Biggest childhoo disease
Eardrum is usually red and inflamed
often caused from colds
The auditory tube that connects teh throat doesn't open and air becomes retracted
If it progresses fluid can be created in ear, creating a greater hearing loss
Ossicular discontinuity
Indicates there is a break soem where in teh chain that connects eardrum to cochlea
Most common at incudostapedial joing (connection between incus adn stapes)
Interrupts transmission of sound- will still get some sound and energy transmitted to cochlea, but mostly will have an effect on a substantial amount of hearing loss
Keratoma (cholesteatoma)
SSmall pocket is formed on ear drum that projects into the middle ear cavity. If that small pocket becomes infected you can get an infection and can eventually erode and eat away at Mallleus
Can become life threating because the bone at the base of the brain can be eroded and it can eat at brain
Tympanosclerosis
Associated with aging
Fibers in ear drum are replaced by bone deposits so ear drum loses some of its flexibility
Otosclerosis (Carhart's notch)
There is a boney deposit that can be found on the border of footplate of the stapes. This prevents free movmetn of footplate of stapes form omving into and out of cochlea.
good evidence there is a genetic link
Name the Cochlear disorders
Presbyacusis
Ototoxicity
Noise-induced loss
Tinnitus
Presbyacusis
Hearing loss due to aging
Deterioration of hear cells
Primarily a hearing loss in the high frequencies- Most likely start at bass and move slowly towards tip
Ototoxicity (antibiotics, diuretics, aspirin, cisplatin)
Certain drugs that have a tendency to destroy hair cells
Noise- induced loss
When you are constantly exposed to high levels of sound energy eventually the hear cells are crunched adn teh crunching eventually damages them
Can be very severe
Particularly noticable at 4,000 Hz
Tinnitus
Hear tones when there is no external source of sound
Acoustic Neuroma
Tumor grows on eight nerve.
Affects high frequency fibers first
Problems: hearing loss, balance problems, weakness in facial muscles
Name Eight Nerve diseases
Acoustic Neuroma
Neuropathy
What are the Purposes of diagnostic testing
Identification of hearing deficit
Localiziton of damage
Relationship of diagnostic testing to real-life hearing situations
Pure-tone testing
Most common type of test
Use pure tones because they only have on frequency and therefore can stimulate only one part of the basilar membrane
Audiograms
air and bone conduction
Audiograms
Hearing level (HL) and frequency are the dimensions of the audiogram
Typically goes from 125 to 8,000 Hz
(125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000)
HL is measured in dB
Frequency is measured in cycles per second (Hz)
Threshold
Threshold
The hering levle or intensity at which you ehar a sound half the time at which a tone is presented
Whe someone has normal thresholds they will be very close to zero on an audiogram chart
The amoutn of sound energy needed is not the sam for all frequncies. Higher sound energyes were needed at 150 Hz rather than at 4,000 Hz
Air and bone conduction
(Air conduction thresholds and bone conduction thresholds)
Air conduction thrsholds: threshold measured with a headphone, and incudeal all parts of the speecm mechanism.
Bone conduction thresholds: thresholds measured with a bone vibrator placed on teh skill, which bypasses conductive meahcism adn tests integrity of cochlea
The difference between bone adn air conduction tells you how much of the loss is cochlear or sensorineural.
Sample audiograms
Degree of loss:
Mild-
Moderate-
Severe-
Profound-
Mild: 20-40 dB
Moderate: 40-70 dB
Severe: 70-95 dB
Profound: >95 dB
Tympanometry
Acoustic Immitance
Components: loud speaker which generates sound waves, microphone which senses how much sound is reflected back, and there is a device that changes pressure in teh external ear canal. The pressure strethces eardrum and makes it stiffer or floppier
Shape of audiograms
Presbyacusis: patterns of thresholds become increasingly worse
Noise induced hearing loss: normal in low frequencies but when you get to 4,000 Hz there is a large dip, adn then it increases aging to more normal when you get into higher frequencies
Flat: all teh thresholds are at relatively the same frequencies
Acoustic reflex
Change in acoustic immitance in resposne to a loud stimulus
Tympanogram types
Type A (sub-D)--Hyperflaccid.
(floppy mechanism, absorbs too much energy, peak is too high)
Type A--Normal ear
Type A (sub-S)-- Stiff ear
(seen in autosclerosis, footplate of stapes is restricted adn prevents footplate and stapes form moving--makes the doncuctive mechanism stiff. Low vloume of absorption peak at 0)
Type C--Retracted eardrum
(Has teh same curve ofnormal tympanograms, but does nto peak at zero. Causes peak at negative pressure--add negative pressure into eardrum. Usually caused by otitis media causign lower pressure in eardrum than outside)
Type B--no mobililty
(usually caused by otitis media with effusion--ear infection with fluid in the ear)
Otoacoustic emissions (OAE)
Low-level acoustic signals of cochlear origin that may be recorded in the closed ear canal.
Travels in reverse dicrection. Goes from cochlea thean across oscals tadn then eardrum
Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEP)
Waveforms that are formed by teh synchronous electric acitivy of neurons in vairous parts of the audiotry nervous system.
Auditory brainstem response (ABR)
AEP
Electiracl potentials that are recorded are restricted to 8th nerve adn audotiry cells in brain stem.
Measured by waves, adn how long it takes to get to stimulus
Wave 1 (neve as it just exits cochlea)
Wave 3(just goes into brainstem)
Wave 5 (group of nerve cells in brain)
Expect waves to follow sequence (1->3->5)
Any Pathology of brainstem or brain can effect latency and amplitudes of waves
Used to detect tumors on nerve
Latency
The delay between stimuls adn whent eh wave occurs
UNHS
Universal Newborn Hearing Screening
Risk Factors for Peadiatric Hearing Loss
(children are at risk for hearing loss adn candidates for screening)
Admission ot NICU for more than 48 hours
Syndrome signs of hearing loss
Family history of childhood permanent hearing loss
Craniofacial anomalies
Inutero infections (herpes, rubella, toxoplasmosis)
Moro relfex/ startle reflex
If baby is starteld with a sudden or loud noise, or picked up without good head support, she will exhibit startel reflex.
She will arch her back, fling out her arms adn legs, and stiffen her neck. She may also start to cry.
Pediatricians look for this to see if child has soem hearing
Conditioned Head turn response
look to see if baby looks at the sound and turn towards speaker when sound is presented
5 months and up
How many babies are born each day in the US with a permanent hearing loss
33
Hearing instruments include
Hearing aids
Implantable devices
Assistive listening devices
What would an ideal hearing instrument do?
Amplify soft sounds to audiblity with a natural/normal sound quality
Leave loud sounds alone or ever reduce their energy
Allow a perosn with hearing impairment to understand conversational speech as well as a normal hearing individual in all listening enviroments
Who can benefit form hearing instruments
Individuals with conductive loss
Individuals with sensorineural loss
Individual with mixed loss
What do filters do
Dictate what sounds are amplified
What are the types of Aids
In-the-Ear (ITE)
Behind-the-Ear (BTE)
Body Aids
Problems for users of hearing aids
Understanding speech in the presence of noise, or in multiple conversations
Feedback problems
Telephone Use
Repairs due to wax
What does a cochlear implant consist of?
Microphone/processor
Cord
Receiver
Magnet
Electrode array
Who are cochlear implants designed for?
People with a profound hearing loss-- People who have no usable hair cells in the cochlea
What do the electrodes in a cochlear implant do
Provide electrical stimulation to nerve fibers that the hair celss would make
Is a cochlear implant useful if the 8th nerve is unhealthy
No, you need a heatlhy 8th nerve in order for cochlear implant to be successful
How does a cochlear implant differ from hearing aids?
It's not an amplifcation issue, a cochlear implant stimulates teh tontopic represenation so they can udnerstand speech and produce good speech
What is a cochlear implant?
Surgical procedure where you thread electrodes through cochlea to provide sitmulation to the eight nerve
what are some Assistive Listenign Devices
FM (frequency modified) systems
Infrared systems
Pocket amplifiers
Amplified teophones and other devices
What do Assistive Listening Devices do
Reduce the distance between speaker and listener thereby maintiaing the signal level
Reduce reverberation
Reduce background noise
What can we study with conditioned head turn response
Frequency & Intensity
Sound Location
Speech Perception
In general does ability to understand speech worsen or get better as pure-tone thresholds increase
Worsen
What will teh effect of a hearing loss on speech perception in part depend on
The audiometric configuration (shape of audiogram)
What is the most important energy for Vowels
between 0-3,000 Hz
What is the most important energy for Nasals
Between 0-2,000 Hz
What is the most important energy for Stops
relatively high frequencies (about 3,000 Hz)
(f,d,k,g)
sounds like p and b may be an excpetion
What is the most important energy for Fricatives
High frequnecy sounds
Often present the greates difficulty to persons with hearing loss; even if the fricatve sounds have low-frequency components, life f and v they still present difficulties
A high-frequency hearing loss like Presbyacusis will make it more difficult to hear the _________ and ___________ of a word
Stops and Fricatives
A low frequency loss would affect sounds like __________ and ___________
Vowels and Nasals
In terms of speech perception what do people with cochlear implants have a problem with
Pitch representation-- Prosody
How is a confusion experiment done
Present to listeners a set of consonats (syllables like 'pah, 'tah', or 'kah) and ask the listeners to write down what they hear; then analyze the data for error patters
Errors such as 't' for 'p' resonses are called confusion errors
Are the patters of confusion random or systematic
Systematic
Within-manner errors
Typical
Person is likely going to make an error with one stop consonant for another
Across-manner errors
Abnormal
Respond to a consant with a fricative
What within manner errors are more/less typical than others
s-sh errors are common
s-f errors are not common
Spectral Similarity
When two sounds are very similar in their spectrum, their lilkey to be confused
s and sh are quite similar in their patterns, they have the same frequency content, and amplitudes are very similar. Sounds like f and sh are very different.
You can predict what sounds are likely to be confused based on their frequency content
Spectrum
Patter of amplitudes as a function of frequency
How can hearing loss be simulated using participants with nomral hearing
Filters can mimic teh shape of the audiograme
Hearing impaired usualy have more problems understand who?
Women and children
About this deck
By: Jessica Zarzecki
Created: 2009-05-10
Size: 118 flashcards
Views: 158
Created: 2009-05-10
Size: 118 flashcards
Views: 158
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj