Exam 3--- Economic import

ornamentals: 1. Shrub Camellias (Camellia japonica) 2. Franklin Tree Franklinia (native of Georgia coast, now "extinct" in the wild; widely cultivated) 3. Tea (... [Camellia] sinensis) - grown in large plantations

ornamentals, edibles, etc. 1. Heath (...) 2. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia) 3. Azalea, Rhododendron (Rhododendron) 4. bog plants: Labrador Tea (Rhododendron; formerly in Ledum), Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne) 5. Blueberries and Cranberries (Vaccinium) 6. oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate) (Gaultheria procumbens) 7. Pipsissewa, Wintergreen (Chimaphila) [Pyrolaceae] 8. Indian Pipe (Monotropa) - parasitic (formerly as Monotropaceae; now as subfamily Monotropoideae of ...)

ornamentals 1. Pitcher Plant (...) 2. California Pitcher Plant (Darlingtonia)

flower garden ornamentals 1. Phlox (Phlox) 2. Gilia (Gilia) 3. Jacob's Ladder (...)

economically important foods, ornamentals, weeds nightshade, eggplant, potato, tomato bell, cayenne, red, green peppers (Capsicum - contain "hot" alkaloid capsaicin); also these? tobacco (Nicotiana) Petunia ground-cherry, tomatillo (Physalis) belladonna (Atropa) - highly poisonous to humans, dogs & cats; however, eaten by rabbits and cattle Jimson weed; zombie cucumber (Datura) - contain poisonous tropane alkaloids

ornamentals and weeds 1. morning-glory (Ipomoea) - some contain hallucinogenic LSD-like drugs 2. sweet potato (I. batatas) 3. ornamental Christmas vine (Porana) and ponyfoot (Dichondra) 4. parasitic dodder (Cuscuta) - sometimes segregated in own family

ornamentals, medicinals 1. Heliotrope (Heliotropium) 2. forget-me-not (Myosotis) 3. Virginia bluebells (Mertensia) 4. lungwort (Pulmonaria) 5. hound's tongue (Cynoglossum) 6. ... officinalis) - medicinal 7. comfrey (Symphytum officinalis) - medicinal 8. water-leaf (Hydrophyllum) [formerly Hydrophyllaceae] 9. Phacelia [formerly Hydrophyllaceae] 10. Hydrolea [formerly Hydrophyllaceae]

ornamentals, rock gardens, and medicinals 1. ... 2. marsh/rose pink (Sabatia) 3. prairie gentian (Eustoma) 4. columbo (Swertia) - medicinal (not to be confused with Lt. Columbo) 5. water snowflake (Nymphoides) - habit of water-lilies [no longer in this family but transferred to Menyanthaceae]

coffee, quinine, ornamentals 1. Coffee (Coffea arabica; C. robusta) - originated in Ethiopia 2. quinine (Cinchona bark) - treatment for malaria 3. ipecac (Psychotria) - syrup used to induce vomiting (in place of a Barry Manilow CD) 4. bedstraw (Galium) 5. partridgebery (Mitchella) 6. buttonbush (Cephalanthus) 7. bluets (Hedyotis [Houstonia]) 8. Gardenia - ornamental evergreen shrubs

ornamentals and drugs (most taxa poisonous) 1. dogbane; Indian hemp (...) - poisonous (to dogs?) to cattle, horses & sheep; source of fiber to native Americans 2. oleander (Nerium) - poisonous, esp. to small children 3. periwinkle (Vinca) 4. Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus) - antileukemia drugs (vincristine and vinblastin alkaloids) 5. milkweed (Asclepias) 6. wax plant (Hoya) 7. carrion flower (Stapelia)

ornamentals, fragrances, lumber, and olives 1. olives, olive oil (... europea) 2. lilac (Syringa), golden bells (Forsythia), fringe tree (Chionanthus) 3. privet hedge (Ligustrum) 4. ash (Fraxinus) - lumber similar to oak 5. jasmine (Jasminum)

common ornamental house plants 1. African violet (Streptocarpus - formerly excluded as Saintpaulia) 2. cape primrose (Streptocarpus) 3. gloxinia (Sinningia)

ornamentals and medicinal plants snapdragon (Antirrhinum) [weird capsules] foxglove (Digitalis) - cardiac drugs (digitalin) speedwell (Veronica) beardtongue (Penstemon) slipper flower (Calceolaria) butter-and-eggs (Linaria) plantain (...) - lawn weeds & laxatives; P. cordata - rare species water starwort (Callitriche) - aquatic (formerly Callitrichaceae) mare's tail (Hippuris) - aquatic (formerly Hippuridaceae) monkey flower (Mimulus) - is now moved to family Phrymaceae

little economic importance 1. mullein (Verbascum) - ornamental

ornamental trees and vines 1. Cigar tree (Catalpa ) - some timber usage 2. cross vine (...) - cross-shaped "pith" 3. trumpet creeper (Campsis)

ornamentals 1. bear's breech (...) 2. shrimp plant (Beloperone; Justicia) 3. Ruellia (Ruellia) 4. water willow (Justicia) 5. firecracker plant (Jacobinia) 6. zebra plant (Aphelandra) 7. mosaic plant (Fittonia) 8. clock/blue-sky vine (Thunbergia) 9. mangrove (Avicennia) - formerly as Avicenniaceae or placed in Verbenaceae

bladderwort (Utricularia) - bladders trap insects 2. butterwort (Pinguicula) - glandular leaves trap insects (not to be confused with this)

ornamentals 1. Vervain (...) - ornamental 2. Lantana (Lantana) - ornamental with multicolored flowers 3. frog-fruit (or fog-fruit?); lemon ... (Phyla)

ornamentals and various economic products horehound (Marrubium) - used to flavor candy catnip (Nepeta) heal-all (Prunella) rosemary (Rosmarinus) thyme (Thymus) - which one does NOT belong here? oregano (Origanum) peppermint, spearmint (Mentha) many hybrids lavendar (Lavandula) - large commercial farms ground ivy (Glechoma) basil (Ocimum) bugleweed (Ajuga) beebalm; oswego tea (Monarda) (not Oswego, NY) teak (Tectona) - furniture wood

ornamentals, etc. 1. holly (Ilex spp.) - ornamentals and fine wood for inlays and carving a. provided a name for "The Hollies" (before) (after) 2. yerba mate; Paraguay tea (I. paraguensis) - high in caffeine 3. black drink (I. vomitoria) - used by SE coastal plain indians (tastes as good as it sounds?)

many products, vegetables, ornamentals 1. celery (...) 2. carrot (Daucus) 3. parsley (Petroselinum) 4. caraway (Carum) 5. chervil (Chaerophyllum) 6. cumin (Cuminum) 7. anise (Pimpinella) 8. dill (Anethum) 9. parsnip (Peucedanum, Pastinaca) 10. coriander; cilantro (Coriandrum) 11. fennel (Foeniculum) 12. hemlock (Conium) - Socrate's poison 13. water hemlock (Cicuta)

English ivy (Hedera) 2. umbrella tree (Schefflera) 3. wild sarsaparilla (...) 4. ginseng (Panax ginseng) -"universal medicinal", stimulant, aphrodisiac

ornamentals, etc. 1. honeysuckle (Lonicera) 2. bush honeysuckle (Dierviella) 3. snowberry (Symphoricarpos) 4. twinflower (Linnaea) 5. Weigelia 6. Scabiosa 7. teasel (Dipsacus) and valerian (Valeriana) - calyx bristlelike; similar to composite pappus 8. corn salad (Valerianella)

1. snowball (Viburnum) - jellies 2. elderberry (Sambucus) - wines, jellies

ornamentals 1. bluebell; bellflowers (...) 2. lobelia; cardinal flower (Lobelia)

edibles, ornamentals, weeds sunflower; Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus) - oil, "seeds" artichoke (Cynara) lettuce (Lactuca) tarragon (leaves) (Artemesia) - spices yarrow (Achillea) ragweed (Ambrosia) - major cause of hay fever dandelion (Taraxacum) burdock (Arctium) thistle (Carduus, Cirsium) sticktight (Bidens) fleabane (Erigeron) hawkweed (Hieracium) goldenrod (Solidago) purple cone flower (Echinacea) - herbal supplements and throat spray

sweet flag (A. calamus) - used for candy and matting; introduced to N. America

ornamental house plants; aquatic weeds 1. arrowroot; arum (Arum) 3. Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema) 4. arrow arum (Peltandra) 5. skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus) 6. Philodendron (Philodendron) 7. florist's calla lily (Zantedeschia) 8. dumbcane (Dieffenbachia) 9. poi; taro (Colocasia) 10. Mexican breadfruit (Monstera) 11. calla (Calla) 12. pothos (Pothos) 13. caladium (Caladium) 14. water lettuce (Pistia) 15. elephant's ear; yautia (Xanthosma) 1. duckweed (Lemna)

flowering rush (... umbellatus) - invasive water garden plant

ornamental water garden plants, wildlife foods 1. water plantain (...) 2. arrowhead; wapato; duck potato (Sagittaria) 3. burhead (Echinodorus) 4. velvet leaf (Limnocharis) 5. water poppy (Hydrocleys)

aquarium & pond ornamentals; seagrasses; serious aquatic weeds 1. waterweed (Elodea) - introduced to Europe 2. elodea (Egeria) - popular aquarium plant (introduced & invasive) 3. wild celery (Vallisneria) - waterfowl food 4. hydrilla (Hydrilla) serious aquatic weed 5. seagrasses (Halophila, Thalassia)

excellent waterfowl food plants 1. naiad; water sprite (...)

wildlife foods, weeds 1. pondweed (...)

eel-grass (...) - marine seagrass (used as packing and thatch)

horned pondweed (...) - annual; related to Potamogetonaceae

widgeongrass (...) - related to seagrasses

hermaphrodite seagrasses (Australia and Mediterranean) 1. ...(... "balls")

ornamentals, vegetables 1. lily (...) - ornamentals 2. tulips (Tulipa) - ornamentals 3. fritillary (Fritillaria) - ornamentals 4. cucumber root (Medeola) 5. trout lily (Erythronium)

a. autumn crocus (...) - source of ... b. bellflower (Uvularia) - ornamentals

some ornamentals, medicinals 1. greenbriar; sarsaparilla (...) - source of sarsaparilla drink (but Sassafras [banned in 1960 because of carcinogenic safrole oil - now removed] or wintergreen is used in root beers) b. medicinal sarsaparilla usually is Aralia, but ... also used - very high in saponins. Claimed to be effective against syphilis (as one author noted: "Cowboys ordering Sarsaparilla usually requested this drink after visiting brothels.")

ornamental herbs 1. wake robin (Trillium) herbs with whorled leaves and showy flowers with distinct calyx and corolla 2. false hellebore (Veratrum) - ornamentals; highly poisonous 3. camus (Zigadenus) - ornamentals

asparagus; asparagus "ferns" - vegetables and ornamental house plants

a. lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria) b. true Solomon's seal (Polygonatum) c. corn plant (Dracaena) - ornamental house plant d. mother-in-law's tongue (Sansevieria) - ornamental house plant e. false Solomon's seal (Maianthemum - includes Smilacina)

a. hyacinth (...) - spring garden ornamentals b. Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum) c. squill (Scilla) - spring garden ornamentals d. grape hyacinth (Muscari) - spring garden ornamentals

a. Haworthia - ornamental house plant b. aloe (Aloe vera) - medicinal cosmetic

day lily (...) - ornamentals

ornamentals 1. century plant (...) - source of sisal hemp (don't confuse with THIS Cecil - note spelling); tequila and mescal flavoring 2. yucca (Yucca) - ornamental

egetable flavorings and ornamentals 1. onion (A. cepa), garlic (A. sativum), shallot (A. cepa var. aggregatum), leek (A. porrum), chive (A. schoenoprasum) (...) g. ornamentals (giant ...)

ornamentals 1. cape belladonna (...) 2. daffodil, jonquil (Narcissus) 3. snowdrop lily (Galanthus) 4. spider lily (Hymenocallis) 5. swamp lily (Crinum)

ornamentals 1. flag; fleur-de-lis (Iris) 2. saffron (Crocus sativus) - dried stigmas used to make saffron dye and spice a. spring crocus (C. vernalis) - ornamental garden plant 3. gladiolus (Gladiolus) 4. freesia (Freesia) 5. blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium)

ornamentals, vanilla, unusual pollination systems 1. showy orchid (...) 2. lady's slipper (Cypripedium) - ornamentals 3. florist's orchid (Cattleya) - corsages 4. other florist orchids (Cymbidium, Odontoglossum) 5. bee orchid (Ophrys insectifera) - pseudo-copulation (Fig. 6.12) 6. Corallorhiza - saprophytic 7. vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) - fermented "pods" (called "beans") - vanilla extracts

minor economic importance 1. yams (... spp.)

interesting ornamentals; edible apple-like fruits 1. ... - screw pine (persisting leaf bases resemble spiral screw threads)

coconuts, dates, and ornamentals 1. betel nut (...) 2. date palm (Phoenix) - dates 3. vegetable ivory (Phytelephas) - ivory-like endosperm 4. rattan (Calamus) 5. palmetto (Sabal) - baskets 6. royal palm (Roystonea) 7. coconut palm (Cocos) - coconuts 8. American oil palm (Attalea) 9. carnauba wax (Copernicia) - don't confuse with this 10. palm cabbage (many genera) - buds

ornamentals and weeds 1. dayflower (...) - zygomorphic flowers 2. spiderwort (from silky stem fibers) (Tradescantia) 3. Moses-in-a-cradle (Rhoeo) 4. wandering Jew (Zebrina)

ornamental water plants; serious aquatic weeds 1. pickeral weed (...) - ornamental marginal pond plant 2. mud plantain (Heteranthera) - some rare spp. 3. water hyacinth (Eichhornia) - ornamental and serious aquatic weed

ornamentals, weeds, foods 1. cattail (...) - edible pollen, flour from rhizome; ornamentals; weaving 2. bur-reed (Sparganium) - ornamentals

fruits, ornamentals 1. pineapple (Ananas comosus) - (fused bracts, pedicels, ovaries) 2. Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) - stuffing material 3. ..., etc. - ornamentals

little economic importance 1. pipewort (...) - floral arrangements; E. parkeri: rare in NE

little economic importance 1. yellow-eyed grass (...) - some aquatic ornamentals

little economic use 1. rush (...) - chair seats, baskets, mats; ornamentals (but not this) 2. wood rush (Luzula) - pubescent; some ornamentals

ornamentals, foods, papyrus, weeds 1. bulrush (Scirpus) - ornamentals 2. umbrella sedge; galingale (...) - perfumes a. papyrus (C. papyrus) - ancient paper; ornamental (several m tall) c. nut grass (C. rotundus) - agricultural weed d. nut sedge; chufa (C. esculentus) - weedy; edible tubers 3. cotton grass (Eriophorum) 4. spike rush (Eleocharis) a. Chinese water chestnut (E. dulcis) - corm x-sections 5. sedge (Carex) - hay, straw, packing material

economically the most important (> 50% human caloric intake) rice (Oryza sativa) - most important human food source bamboos (subfamily Bambusoideae) - ornamentals; favorite Panda food wheat (Triticum aestivum) bluegrass corn (Zea mays) sugar cane (Saccharum officinale) barley (Hordeum vulgare) crabgrass (Digitaria) - annual lawn pest foxtail (Setaria) - ornamental reed (Phragmites) - thatching; invasive wetland plant

spices, starch, ornamentals 1. ginger (... officinalis) - from rhizomes (not to confuse with this Ginger) 2. turmeric (curry) and arrow-root starch from roots (Curcuma) 3. cardamom (Amomum and Elettaria) - from seeds

ornamentals, fiber, bananas 1. banana (... x paradisiaca) - sterile (seedless) triploid 2. manila hemp or Abaca (... textilis)

ornamental house plants 1. prayer plant; W. Indian arrowroot starch (...) 2. Calathea (ornamental foliage)

ornamentals 1. Canna indica - parent of most hybrid garden Cannas 2. C. edulis - starchy, tuberous, edible rhizomes

bird-of-paradise (...) - ornamental flower