Exam 3- The Endocrine System

Biology 341 with Garver at San Diego State University

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By: Alejandra Lopez
Created: 2010-11-12
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What Process of the Body does the Endocrine system control?

Reproduction
Growth & Development
Body Defense against stressors
Electrolyte, Water, and Nutrient balance w/in blood
Cellular metabolism and energy balance

Endocrinology

The study of endocrine organs and hormones of the body

Difference Between endocrine system and nervous system

Endocrine-Long term, general target, Hormones released into circulation, slow responses, slow recovery

Nervous- Short term effects, Very specifically targeted, Neurotransmitter released @ synapse, Immmediate response, immediate recovery

Water-Soluble hormones

-Proteins

-Can't cross plasma membrane

-Binds to membrane receptor

-Attachment of receptor causes cascade of events taht signals nucleus to make cellular changes

-2nd messenger system

Which type of hormone requires a second-messenger system?

Water-soluble hormones (proteins)

Where on the target cell do water-soluble hormones bind with their receptor?

Binds to membrane receptor

Lipid-soluble hormones(seroids/thyroxine)

-Passes through plasma membrane

-Binds to internal receptors

-Homonereceptor complex binds to DNA in the nucleus

Examples of Lipid soluble hormones

Testosterone

Estrogen

Aldosterone

Which type of hormone uses direct gene activation?

Lipid-soluble hormones (steroids/thyroxine)

Hormone Control Feedback Mechanisms

Negative

Positive

The main mechanism of hormonse control and regulation is:

Negative

(insulin)

Positive feedback

Rare

Ex: Oxytocin

What are three main endocrine gland stimuli?

-Hormonal Stimuli (most common)

-Humoral Stimuli

-Neural Stimuli

Hormonal Stimuli

-Hormones cause release of other hormones

-Regulatory hormones-> Anterior putuitary gland to release hormones

-Targets other glands to release hormones

Humoral Stimuli

-Blood levels of certain ions or nutrients stimulate glands to release hormones

-Blood CA,H, Glucose levels change thoughout

Neural Stimuli

-Nerve fibers directly stimulate glands to release hormone

-Ex.: Adrenal Medulla

Posterior Pituitary gland

-Neural Tissue

-Hypothalamus-> post. pituitary-> blood

What is the function of antidiurtetic hormone (ADH)

-PPG

-Targets kidneys for water re-absorption, stimutes blood vessed walls to constrict, result in increase blood pressure

What is the function of Oxytocin?

-PPG

-Uterine contractions/ milk letdown

Diabetes Insipidus

-PPG

-Low ADH

- Increase in dilute urine (up to 30 L/day)

-Extreme thirst

-Many causes

Tumors

Infections

Congenital defect etc.

-Main risk-> dehydration

Anterior Pituitary gland

-roof of mouth

What is the function of Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH)

-APG

-Stimulates thyroid gland to release "thyrotine" when levels are low

What is the function of Lutineizing hormone (LH)

-In males: Stimulates release of testosterone

-In females: Stimulates ovulation

-APG

What is the function of Growth Hormone (GH)?

-Targets most cells-Stimulates body cells

-APG

Pituitary Dwarfism

-APG

-Low GH through life

Gigantism

-APG

-High GH before puberty

-Excessive growth of long bones

- Some coarsening of facial features

Acromegaly

-APG

-High GH after puberty

-Excessive thickening of bone

-In hands, feet, facial bones, & organs

Which clinical condition results from high levels of growth hormone throughout life?

Pituitary Dwarfism

Which clinical condition results from high levels of growth hormone after puberty?

Acromegaly

Which clinical condition results from high levels of growth hormone before puberty?

Gigantism

What is the function of Thyroxine?

-Stim by TSH

-Increases metabolic rate

-Increases Oxygen and nutrients consumption

-Increase Body temp and energy

What is the function of calcitonin?

-Decrease in blood calciun levels

-Reduces bone breakdown

-Increase bone production

What hormone reduces calcium and phosphorus levels in blood?

Calcitonin

Hypothyroidism

-Low thyroxine

-gland enlarges when production is low

-low metabolic rate

-Tired, cold, sluggish, wt. gain

-If prolonged=myxedema

What 2 situations can lead to hypothyroidism?

-Low THS

-Low thyroxine

Hyperthyroidism

-High thyrocrine

-High metabolic rate-> wakeful, hot, jittery, wt. loss, often due to tumor, gland enlarges due to excess response

What is the function of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

-Increase blodd CA levels

-Increase bone breakdown

-Decrease bone production

What hormone increases calcium and phosphorus levels in blood?

PTH

Does PTH increase of decrease bone production?

Decrease

Pancreas

-Both endocrine and exocrine glands

-Secretes own antagonist hormones

-Behind stomach and small intestine

What is the function of Insulin?

Decreases blood sugar levels

-Targets body cells to take up glucose acts like "doorman" into cell

Does INsulin increase or decrease blood glucose levels?

decrease

Which hormone acts like a doorman to help insulin enter the body cells?

insulin

Whaat is the function of Glucagon?

-INcreases blood sugar levels

-Signals liver/muscles to convert g glycogen to glucose

-releases glucose into blood

Does Glucagon increase or decrease blood glucose levels?

Increase

Glucagon targets cells of what organs to convert glycogen into glucose?

Liver and muscles

Diabetes Mellitus

-Type I

-insulin dependent

-Decrease in insulin production

-Increase in blood glucose (can't get into cell)

-Increase glucose in urine Increase in urination

-Body breaks down protein

-aka juvenile diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus Type II

-Adult onset

-90% Due to obesity

-insulin usuallly produced

-Possible decrease in receptor cells

-increase glucose in blood

-Often can be controlled by diet

Which type of diabetes is strongly insulin dependent, no insulin produced?

Type I

Which type of diabetes is strongly linked to obesity?

Type II

Which diabetes is likely to have insulin proced but not ablt to enter cells?

Type II

About this deck

By: Alejandra Lopez
Created: 2010-11-12
Size: 51 flashcards
Views: 19

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis