Exam 3

Psychology 1103 with Leach at University of Connecticut

About this deck

By: Christina Tacinelli
Textbook:

Psychology
Created: 2009-12-16
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 86

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Infrequency

that which is unusual
poor criterion because some things that occur only rarely (creative genius or world class athletic ability) may be valued

norm violation

whether or not someone violates social norms - when people behave in ways that are bizarre, unusual, or disturbing
though, these things may be better characterized as eccentric or illegal

neurobiological model

explains psychological disorders in the terms of particular disturbances in the anatomy and chemistry of the brain and in other biological processes

psychological model

wants, needs, emotions, learning experiences, attachment history, our outlook on the world

sociocultural model

pay attention to factors such as gender, age, marital status, economic situation

diathesis-stress model

inherited characteristics, biological processes, and early learning experiences combine to create a predisposition (diathesis) for a psychological disorder.

interrater reliability

degree to which different mental health professionals give the same person the same diagnosis

phobia

intense, irrational fear of an object or situation that is not likely to be dangerous

specific phobia

include fear and avoidance of heights, blood, animals, automobile/air travel, and other specific stimuli or situations

social phobia

involve anxiety about being criticized by others or acting in a way that is embarrassing or humiliating

generalized social phobia

fear occurs in virtually all social situations

agoraphobia

strong fear of being away from a safe place such as home

generalized anxiety disorder

excessive and longlasting anxiety that is not focused on any particular object or situation

panic disorder

experience recurrent, terrifying panic attacks that seem to come without warning or reason

heart palpitations, pressure/pain in chest, dizziness, sweating

OCD

plagued by persistent, upsetting, and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) - often center on the possibility of infection, contamination, or doing harm to themselves/others
obsessions motivate ritualistic, repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that are performed in order to avoid some dreaded outcome or reduce feelings of anxiety

major depressive disorder

feels sad and overwhelmed, typically losing interest in activities and relationships and taking pleasure in nothing
weight loss or gain
sleep changes
delusions
trouble working, concentrating etc
females 2-3x more likely

dysthymic disorder

less severe version of depression

suicide and depression

most common in people over age 65, especially men.
3rd leading cause of death among those aged 15-24
2nd leading cause of death among college students

bipolar I

manic episodes alternate with depression

bipolar II

major depressive episodes alternate with hypomania - less severe than manic phases in bipolar i

cylcothymic disorder

bipolar equivalent of dysthymia
involves episodes of depression and mania, but intensity is less severe

schizophrenia

pattern of extremely disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior that seriously impairs the person

symptoms of schizophrenia

thought and language disorganized
neologisms - new words that only make sense to that person
loose association - one thought not really connected to the next
clang associations - based on double meanings or the way a word sounds
word salad
hallucinationsd

delusions of influence

focus on the belief that one's body, thinking, or behavior is being controlled by external forces.

self-significant delusions

involve exaggerated beliefs about oneself. delusions of grandeur, believing they're an emperor or god etc

delusions of persecution

involves beliefs that others are out to harass or harm the person

paranoid schizophrenia

most common
delusions, anger, jealousy, anxiety

undifferentiated schizophrenia

most common
disordered behavior, thought and emotion
don't really fit in other categories

disorganized schizophrenia

high prevalence in homeless population
delusions
hallucinations
incoherent speech
lack of hygiene, no longer can control bowel/urinary

catatonic schizophrenia

disordered movement - immobility v. wild movement

positive symptoms

disorganized thoughts, delusions, hallucinations
undesirable additions to a person's mental life

negative symptoms

absence of pleasure and motivation, lack of emotional reactivity, social withdrawal, reduced speech
subtract elements from person's normal mental life

odd-eccentric cluster

schizotypal - displays some of the symptoms of schizophrenia but not disturbed enough to be diagnosed with schizophrenia
paranoid - distrustful of others
schizoid - detached from social relationships

dramatic-erratic cluster

borderline
narcissistic
histrionic - overly dramatic and obsessed with being the center of attention

anxious-fearful cluster

avoidant
dependent
obsessive compulsive

externalizing/undercontrolled childhood disorders

conduct disorders - aggression, disobedience, destructiveness, and other problematic behavior
ADHD - impulsive and difficult to concentrate on activities

internalizing/overcontrolled childhood disorders

distress, depression, social withdrawl, anxiety
separation anxiety disorder - child constantly worries about being lost or kidnapped; and about harm coming to a parent

pervasive developmental disorders/autism spectrum disorders

severe deficits in communication, impaired social relationships, repetitive stereotyped behaviors
autism - babies show no signs of attachment to anyone. half never learn to speak
asperger's - higher functioning.

classical psychoanalysis

free association
"talking cure"
aims first to help troubled people gain insight into their problems by recognizing unconscious thoughts and emotions
then they are encouraged to work through the many ways in which those unconscious elements continue to motivate maladaptive thinking and behavior in everyday life.
dreams - manifest and latent content
freudian slips
transference

object relations therapy

powerful need for human contact and support takes center stage
believe that most of the problems that bring clients to treatment ultimately stem from their relationship with others, especially primary caregivers.
object relations psychoanalysts create a nurturing relationship, providing a 'second chance' for them to receive support they may have lacked as a child

interpersonal therapy

focuses on helping clients explore and overcome problematic effects of interpersonal events that occur after childhood - loss of a loved one, conflicts with parent/spouse, job loss

client-centered therapy

unconditional positive regard - aka acceptance. expressed by treating the client as a valued person no matter what.
empathy - emotional understanding of what the client might be thinking and feeling. reflection - paraphrased summary of the client's words that emphasizes feelings and meaning that appear to accompany them
congruence - acting in ways that are consistent with their feelings during therapy

gestalt therapy

seeks to create conditions in which clients become more unified, self aware, and self accepting thus ready to grow again
imaginary dialogues and conversations, role play

behavior therapy

psychological problems are learned behaviors that can be changed by taking action to learn new ones, not by searching for underlying causes.

systematic desensitization

client visualizes a series of anxiety-provoking stimuli while remaining relaxed
gradually weakens the learned association between anxiety and the feared object, until the fear disappears
use desensitization hierarchy
in vivo

flooding

keeps people in a feared but harmless situation and prevents them from engaging in their normally rewarding pattern of escape
after an extended period of exposure to the feared stimulus without experiencing pain or injury etc, the association between the feared stimulus and fear response gradually weakens and the conditioned fear response is extinguished

modeling

clients watches therapist or others perform desired behaviors

positive reinforcement

use rewards to alter problematic behaviors and teach new skills

token economy

system in which desirable behaviors are positively reinforced with coin-like tokens or points that can be exchanged later for snacks, access to tv etc

extinction

promotes the extinction of undesirable behaviors by removing the reinforcement that usually follows those behaviors

punishment

undesirable behavior is followed by an unpleasant but harmless stimulus, such as a shouted 'no' or mild shock

aversion conditioning

associate nausea, shock, or some other unpleasant stimulus with the actions, thoughts, or situations the client wants to stop or avoid

rational-emotive behavior therapy

based on the notion that anxiety, guilt, depression, and other psychological problems are caused by how people think about events, not the events themselves.

cognitive restructuring

aimed at replacing upsetting thoughts with alternative thinking patterns

stress inoculation training

clients imagine being in a stressful situation, then practice newly learned skills to remain calm

beck's cognitive therapy

based on the idea that certain psychological disorders can be traced to errors in logic - cognitive distortions
catastrophizing
all or none thinking
personalization

group therapy

refers to the treatment of several unrelated clients under the supervision of a therapist

advantages:

clients feel less alone
group members can bolster each others' self confidence
more willing to share feelings
try out new skills in a safe/supportive environment

family therapy

client is the family
concentrates on family comm. patterns
behavioral contracts

couples therapy

communication between partners is main focus of treatment

rules for talking

developmental psychology

concerned with the course and causes of the developmental changes that take place over a person's lifetime

john locke

nurture
tabula rasa

jean-jacques rousseau

nature
children are capable of discovering how the world operates without instruction from adults

gesell

nature
maturation

john b. watson

nurture
believed everything is learned - from skills to fears

jean piaget

first to suggest nature and nurture work together
heredity creates predispositions that interact with environmental influences

assimilation

infants and children take information about new objects by using existing schemas that will fit the new objects

accommodation

children find that a familiar schema cannot be made to fit a new object and so they change the schema

sensorimotor development (0-2)

infant's mental activity and schemas are confined to sensory functions and motor skills
can form schemas only of objects and actions that are present - cannot think about absent objects because they cannot act on them
object permanence - the knowledge that objects exist even when they are not in sighr

preoperational development (2-7)

children begin to understand, create, and use symbols (words, images, objects) to represent things that are not present
play pretend
animism
egocentric
thinking is dominated by what they can see & touch for themselves - do not realize something is the same if its appearance changes
conservation - ability to recognize that important properties of a substance or object remain constant despite changes in shape or appearance

concrete operational thought (6-7)

develop ability to conserve number and amount
thinking no longer dominated by visual appearances
count, measure, add, subtract

formal operational thought (adolescence)

ability to engage in hypothetical thinking
can question social institutions
think about world as it might and ought to be
consider complexities of love, work, politics

information processing approach

describes cognitive activities in terms of how people take in info, use it, and remember it
research shows that as children get older, their information-processing skills gradually get better

Vgotsky

focused on social world of people
child's mind grows thru interaction with other minds
without society, children's minds would not develop much beyond those of animals

social referencing

by the time babies are a year old, they use their mother's emotional expressions to guide their own behavior in ambiguous situations

temperament

the infant's individual style and frequency of expressing needs and emotins

easy babies

most common
get hungry and sleepy at predictable times
react to new situations cheerfully and seldom fuss

difficult babies

irregular and irritable

slow to warm up babies

react warily to new situations but eventually come to enjoy them

as babies interact with parents and other important figures, infants form deep, loving, close, and enduring relationships called ........

attachments

secure attachment

become upset when mother leaves the room
when he/she returns they actively seek out parent and are easily comforted

anxious-resistant attachment

ill at ease initially
upon separation - become extremely distressed
when reunited - have a difficult time being soothed, often exhibit conflicting behaviors (want to be comforted, but want to punish parent for leaving)

avoidant attachment

dont appear too distressed by separation
upon reuinion - actively avoid seeking contact with parent and turn attention to play

children with secure attachments ....

tend to have better relations with peers
require less contact, guidance, and discipline
less likely to seek excessive attention, act impulsively/aggressively etc

avoidant children .....

less committed to relationships and more likely to leave them
more likely to have 1 night stands

anxious/ambivalent

report a life full of emotional ups & downs
experience more love at first sight, obsessiveness, and more repeated breakups with the same person

socialization

parents try to channel their children's impulses into socially accepted outlets and to teach them the skills and rules needed to function in their society

authoritarian parents

strict, punitive, unsympathetic
value obedience
don't encourage independence
detached and seldom praise youngsters

permissive parents

more affectionate with children
give lax discipline
great deal of freedom

authoritative parents

reason with children
encourage give & take
set limits but encourage indepedence
firm but understanding
demands are reasonable and consistent

uninvolved parents

indifferent to children
do whatever is necessary to minimize the costs of having children by investing as little time, money, and effort as possible.
focus on own needs before kid's

self-regulation

ability to control one's emotions and behaviors.

children who cannot do this tend to experience anxiety and distress

About this deck

By: Christina Tacinelli
Textbook:

Abnormal Psychology

Psychology
Created: 2009-12-16
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 86

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj