Exam 3

2 pyruvate

4 ATP

2 NADH

oxidative phosphorylation

substrate level phosphorylation

Occurs in cytosol

  -  glucose (6-c) broke down to 2 pyruvate (3-C each)

  -  Net gain 2 ATP and 2 NADH

made via substrate level phosphorylation

chemiosmosis

substrate level phosphorylation

phenolitic compounds- flavinoids, lignins and Anthocyanins

alkaloids - caffine, morphine, atropine

Terepenoids-

polyketides - poisons

• Glycolysis and citric acid cycle
• Glucose (substrate)
• proteins added into the reaction as pyruvate, as Acytl-CoA and in citric acid cycle
• Lipids can be added to pyruvate and Acytl - CoA phases and create more energy than carbohydrates

• light harvesting complexes -->takes electron from pigment and sends through electron transport chain -->

Makes more ATP and oxydizes NADH

oxygen is a byproduct

• Electron excited by light --->cycles through electron transport chain ---> hydrogen to ATP syntase --> ATP is made

only makes ATP!!!

usually inorganic ion that temporarily binds to enzyme

- enzyme "helpers"

1) Vitamin C - muscle formation (collagen)

2) Vitamin B_{3 -} fxns in the coenzymes NAD and NADP

- CO2 is fixed in thin-walled mesophyll cells by PEP

- The 4-carbon acid is actively pumped into bundle sheath cell where it is split to CO2 and a 3-carbon compound.

- CO2 then enters the Calvin cycle in a chloroplast of the bundle sheath cell and produces G3P and sucrose

- NO PHOTORESPIRATION!

- use ONLY Calvin Cycle for fixing carbon dioxide

- non-cyclic electron transport in thylakoid membrane

- Occurs in chloroplasts

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂  <---->  6CO₂+6H₂O (respiration)

- results in breakdown and are exergonic rxns

6CO₂+12H₂O  <---->  C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂ (photosynthesis)

promotes synthesis and are endergonic

      - must be coupled to exergonic rxn

Starts with = glucose, 2 ATP

ends with = 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4ATP

these plants open stomata at night for the C4 cycle as to not loose water

Calvin cycle during the day

starts with = 2 pyruvate, CoA, NAD

ends with = 2 CO₂, 2 Acetyl, 2 NADH

starts with = 2 Acetyl, CoA, 3 NAD, FAD, ADP

ends with = 4Co2, 6NADH, 2FADH, 2ATP

started with = light

ends with = ATP, NADPH, O2

starts with = ATP, NADPH, CO2

ends with = carbohydrates

Ae- + B ----->  A + Be-

A - has been oxidized

      - electron removed

B - has been reduced

    - electron added

OIL    RIG

NAD

ATP

where the enzyme is saturated with substrate (plateau)

substrate concentration where velocity = half max. value

- increase Km req. increase substrate conc. to achieve a rxn.