Exam 3
Psychology 110 with Alexander at University of Tennessee - Knoxville
About this deck
By: Melissa Lohman
Textbook: Readings in Multicultural Psychology
Created: 2010-03-24
Size: 73 flashcards
Views: 122
Textbook: Readings in Multicultural Psychology
Created: 2010-03-24
Size: 73 flashcards
Views: 122
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What are the explanations as to why the Stroop effect is difficult?
reading is automatic
hard to ignore what we read and determine color of word instead
ex.Red
hard to ignore what we read and determine color of word instead
ex.Red
What do current models of selective attention
emphasize?
the ability to track one message while ignoring another
ex. someone is boring and talking to you- you keep up with the convo but are listening to a more interesting one
ex. someone is boring and talking to you- you keep up with the convo but are listening to a more interesting one
What are the 2 main purposes of consciousness?
monitoring- ex. you are depressed and you are trying to figure out why
controlling- ex. you figure out you are depressed because you don't go out so you decide to go out
controlling- ex. you figure out you are depressed because you don't go out so you decide to go out
what are stored at the preconscious level?
information that could easily become conscious but that is not continuously available. Ex: you can remember what your bedroom looks like
- automatic behaviors: those that require no conscious decisions about which muscles to move or which actions to take. Ex: dialing a familiar phone number
How have researchers demonstrated preconscious processes?
subliminal perception
what is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?
you are asked a question you know but you don't quite remember it
What does the subconscious level involve?
less awareness than full consciousness and is either the same as unconscious level or slightly more accessible
how does an altered state of consciousness differ from a normal state?
altered state is when you are dreaming
you may believe that experiences in your dream are true but awake you would never believe it
you may believe that experiences in your dream are true but awake you would never believe it
what are two views and evidences on why we sleep?
preservation and protection- to protect ourselves
and
restoration- to resupply depleted sources
and
restoration- to resupply depleted sources
How does the sleep and wake cycle change as we age?
sleep less as we age
as a baby sleep 17 hrs
as adult 8 hrs
as a baby sleep 17 hrs
as adult 8 hrs
what are the physiological changes when we sleep?
lower body temperatures and changes in hormone levels
What were the results of the research on
allowing people to create their own schedules?
they made longer days- 25 hrs
what are the effects of sleep deprivation?
microsleep,illusions, hallucinations
what are the 5 stages of sleep?
stage 1- transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep; alpha/beta wave
stage 2- spend 1/2 sleep in this stage- spindle/k-complex
stage 3 and stage4- deep sleep delta waves
**stages 1-4 NREM sleep***
stage 5- REM sleep-dreams- theta waves
stage 2- spend 1/2 sleep in this stage- spindle/k-complex
stage 3 and stage4- deep sleep delta waves
**stages 1-4 NREM sleep***
stage 5- REM sleep-dreams- theta waves
Why is rem sleep called paradoxical sleep?
because rem sleep is both closest to wakefulness but hardest to wake from
what are the symptoms of insomnia?
difficulty falling alseep, going back to sleep, waking up early
what is the pattern of narcolepsy?
disturbance of pattern between wakefulness and sleep where person experiences uncontrollable urge to sleep
and loses consciousness for 10-15 min of time
and loses consciousness for 10-15 min of time
why is sleep apnea dangerous?
stop breathing during sleep from 2 sec to 2 minutes
what are the characteristic symptoms and problems that occur with sleepwalking?
sit up in be mutter words
walk and talk around with eyes open-vision impaired
walk and talk around with eyes open-vision impaired
why did Freud think people dreamed and what support for his theory?
dreams allow us to express unconscious desires in a disguised way
"royal road to unconscious"
"royal road to unconscious"
what are 2 research examples of the problem solving view of dreams?
provide a way to work out problems
ex. women and divorce
ex. women and divorce
what kinds of people have nightmares?
children
what are some things hypnotized people might do?
imagine that they see or hear things when they are prompted to do so. not feel pain when dipping hand in cold water
what similarities and differences to people report who are hypnotized and simulating being hypnotized?
simulating
participants report themselves as actively faking. Hypnotized participants
report the behavior as more or less just happening to them.
What are three theories of hypnosis and the evidence for each?
1)hypnosis is deep relaxation
2)exists as secondary outcome
2)exists as secondary outcome
4 factors that influence whether a person can be easily hypnotized?
1) social factors to cooperate and conform to wishes of hypnotist
2)skill of hypnotist and relationship with individual
3)effectiveness of procedure for inducing hypnosis
4)what the individual is being asked to do
2)skill of hypnotist and relationship with individual
3)effectiveness of procedure for inducing hypnosis
4)what the individual is being asked to do
how is meditation similar to hypnosis?
relaxation
4 basic drugs, effects, names
1)narcotics -opium-produce numbness or stupor, relieve pain
2)CNS depressants-downers, depress the operation of central nervous system (alchie)
3)CNS stimulants- uppers that excite central nervous system- caffeine
4) hallucinogens-LSD
2)CNS depressants-downers, depress the operation of central nervous system (alchie)
3)CNS stimulants- uppers that excite central nervous system- caffeine
4) hallucinogens-LSD
What are the effects of narcotics?
contraction of pupils, sweating, nausea, depressed breathing
In what ways is narcotic dependence treated?
related drugs
What happens to a person at different levels of alcohol concentrations?
.03-.05-relaxed and uninhibited
.10 impaired- drunk
.20 grave dysfunction
.40+ serious risk of death
.10 impaired- drunk
.20 grave dysfunction
.40+ serious risk of death
effects of chronic alcoholic abuse
permanent damage to liver, nervous system, pancreas,brain cells
why are sedatives used?
used for calming anxiety and relieving insomnia
what is the effect of amphetamines or neurotransmitters?
increases alertness
what are the physical and physiological symptoms of LSD?
dizziness, tingling of skin, tremors, hallucinations,altered sense of time
what do cognitive psychologists study?
how people think, acquire knowledge, what they know, imagine, solve problems
what is categorization by prototype?
familiar or typical example of a category
ex. vehicle: car, bus, train
ex. vehicle: car, bus, train
how do conceptual networks and priming work?
you cant think about something without relating it to something else
ex bird-sparrow
ex bird-sparrow
how does the spreading activation principle work?
process by which the activation of one concept also activates or primes concepts that are linked to it
what is an example of a preattentive process?
white dove in a flock of black doves
-easy to spot
-easy to spot
example of attentive process
hidden picture games like where's waldo?
under what conditions does change blindness occur?
if an object moves suddenly, it draws your attention whereas if it moves slowly you may not notice it
one explanation for attentional blink
during a brief time after perceiving one stimulus, its difficult to attend to something else
main think becoming an expert requires?
10 yrs of concentrated practice or 10000 hrs
what are the 4 stages of problem solving?
understand problem
generate hypotheses
test hypotheses
check results
generate hypotheses
test hypotheses
check results
difference between algorithm and heuristic
algorithm- repetitive procedure for solving a problem
heuristic- strategy for simplifying problem
heuristic- strategy for simplifying problem
major characteristic of creative people
willingness to take risks
how cant he representativeness heuristic lead people to incorrect conclusions by incorporation of base-rate info?
you assume that if an item resembles another in a category than it belongs to that category
what are some examples of availability heuristic?
strategy of assuming that how easily one can remember an event makes it more common
ex. remember more plane crashes than car crashes so you think it happens more often
ex. remember more plane crashes than car crashes so you think it happens more often
examples of confirmation bias and functional fixedness
confirmation bias- accepting hypothesis then look for evidence to support instead of considering other possibilities
fixedness: tendency to stick to one way of approaching a problem or single way of using item
fixedness: tendency to stick to one way of approaching a problem or single way of using item
examples of sunk cost effect
months ago you bought a ticket to a football game the day has arrived but the weather is awful, do you still go?
what did chomsky suggest as to why humans learn language so easily?
transformational grammar- a system for converting a deep structure of a language into surface structure
what is the difference between Broca's aphasia and Wenicke's aphasia?
Broca's-conditin characterized by inarticulate speech and by difficulties with both using and understanding grammatical devices
Wernicke's- condition marked by difficulty recalling the names of objects and impaired comprehension of language
Wernicke's- condition marked by difficulty recalling the names of objects and impaired comprehension of language
what are the language stages, typical abilities, typical ages of each stage?
3 months- random vocalizations
6 months- more distinct babbling
1 year- babbling that resembles the typical sounds
1.5-can say words, mostly nouns
2- speak in 2 word phrases
2.5- longer phrases/ short sentences
3- vocab near 1000 words
4 close to adult speech
6 months- more distinct babbling
1 year- babbling that resembles the typical sounds
1.5-can say words, mostly nouns
2- speak in 2 word phrases
2.5- longer phrases/ short sentences
3- vocab near 1000 words
4 close to adult speech
how does exposure to a lot of language or little lang affect lang development?
bilingual children can communicate with more people and know that there are different ways to name an object
what is the importance of early development of languages
if you do not learn a language by an early age, you will be permanently impaired at learning one
what are the adv and disadvs of bilingualism?
adv- communicate better with others, gain cognitive flexibility by learning there are different ways to express same ideas
dis-takes longer to master, confuse words
dis-takes longer to master, confuse words
how do our eyes move when we read?
fixation: eyes are steady
saccade: quick jump in the focus of the eyes from one point to another
saccade: quick jump in the focus of the eyes from one point to another
how do most modern psychometric theories explain intelligence?
solve problems unique to enviornment
why might neural speed transmission be important to intelligence?
the faster your brain conveys messages may make you smarter
axons deliver messages (covered in myelin sheath)
axons deliver messages (covered in myelin sheath)
what are some examples of fluid and crystallized intelligence?
fluid: biological/inherited
uninfluenced by experience
crystallized: learned
knowledge and abilities developed over time/acquired
uninfluenced by experience
crystallized: learned
knowledge and abilities developed over time/acquired
how does Gardner study intelligence?
believes people have unique and individual talents
gardner's eight kinds of intelligence?
intrapersonal-self
interpersonal-people
natural-plants
linguistics-words
bodily-kinesthetics- athletes
spatial-picture
musical
logical- numbers
interpersonal-people
natural-plants
linguistics-words
bodily-kinesthetics- athletes
spatial-picture
musical
logical- numbers
how did sternberg conceptualize intelligence?
triarchic theory
3 types of intelligence in triarchic model and an example of each
analytical- high g- processing info
creative- think outside of box
practical- street smarts
creative- think outside of box
practical- street smarts
difference between achievement and aptitude
achievement- tests what you know/ learned
aptitude- tests potential
aptitude- tests potential
3 characteristics of good test
validity
reliability
standardization\\
reliability
standardization\\
3 types of validity and example
content- measures how a test covers broad a subject
construct- measures how a test applies a particular scheme
predictive- measures how a test predicts success
construct- measures how a test applies a particular scheme
predictive- measures how a test predicts success
standardization of a test is important?
norm group?
norm group?
standardization guarantees test will treat all test takers equally
norm group- reference group that all test takers are compared
norm group- reference group that all test takers are compared
how did Binet and Simon calculate mental age?
level of current intellectual performance
why is IQ score useful
establishes an easy to understand baseline for average intelligence
what is the average and standard deviation of IQ scores in the normal distribution?
ave-100
deviation IQ- intelligence score that is derived from determining where performance sits in an age based group
deviation IQ- intelligence score that is derived from determining where performance sits in an age based group
how is tacit knowledge acquired?
by analyzing and watching the behavior of others
it is unspoken practical knowledge on how to do a job
it is unspoken practical knowledge on how to do a job
About this deck
By: Melissa Lohman
Textbook: Readings in Multicultural Psychology
Created: 2010-03-24
Size: 73 flashcards
Views: 122
Textbook: Readings in Multicultural Psychology
Created: 2010-03-24
Size: 73 flashcards
Views: 122
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj